Use of UMP-CMP kinases for increasing nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance in plants

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant by expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2560, 2557, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563. Also provided are isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides which can be used to increase nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant of a plant.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/636,275, filed Mar. 3, 2015, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/059,231 filed Feb. 16, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,018,445, which is a National Phase of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IB2009/053633 having International Filing Date of Aug. 18, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/136,189 filed on Aug. 18, 2008. The contents of the above applications are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING STATEMENT

The ASCII file, entitled 70820SequenceListing.txt, created on Aug. 10, 2017, comprising 5,350,431 bytes, submitted concurrently with the filing of this application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to isolated polypeptides and polynucleotides, nucleic acid constructs comprising same, transgenic plants expressing same and methods of using same for increasing nitrogen use efficiency, yield, biomass, vigor, growth rate, oil content, fertilizer use efficiency, water use efficiency and abiotic stress tolerance of a plant.

A common approach to promote plant growth has been, and continues to be, the use of natural as well as synthetic nutrients (fertilizers). Thus, fertilizers are the fuel behind the “green revolution”, directly responsible for the exceptional increase in crop yields during the last 40 years, and are considered the number one overhead expense in agriculture. Of the three macronutrients provided as main fertilizers [Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P) and Potassium (K)], nitrogen is the only one that usually needs to be replenished every year, particularly for cereals, which comprise more than half of the cultivated areas worldwide. For example, inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or urea, typically accounts for 40% of the costs associated with crops such as corn and wheat.

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for the plant, responsible for biosynthesis of amino and nucleic acids, prosthetic groups, plant hormones, plant chemical defenses, etc. In addition, nitrogen is often the rate-limiting element in plant growth and all field crops have a fundamental dependence on inorganic nitrogen. Thus, nitrogen is translocated to the shoot, where it is stored in the leaves and stalk during the rapid step of plant development and up until flowering. In corn for example, plants accumulate the bulk of their organic nitrogen during the period of grain germination, and until flowering. Once fertilization of the plant has occurred, grains begin to form and become the main sink of plant nitrogen. The stored nitrogen can be then redistributed from the leaves and stalk that served as storage compartments until grain formation.

Since fertilizer is rapidly depleted from most soil types, it must be supplied to growing crops two or three times during the growing season. In addition, the low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the main crops (e.g., in the range of only 30-70%) negatively affects the input expenses for the farmer, due to the excess fertilizer applied. Moreover, the over and inefficient use of fertilizers are major factors responsible for environmental problems such as eutrophication of groundwater, lakes, rivers and seas, nitrate pollution in drinking water which can cause methemoglobinemia, phosphate pollution, atmospheric pollution and the like. However, in spite of the negative impact of fertilizers on the environment, and the limits on fertilizer use, which have been legislated in several countries, the use of fertilizers is expected to increase in order support food and fiber production for rapid population growth on limited land resources. For example, it has been estimated that by 2050, more than 150 million tons of nitrogenous fertilizer will be used worldwide annually.

Increased use efficiency of nitrogen by plants should enable crops to be cultivated with lower fertilizer input, or alternatively to be cultivated on soils of poorer quality and would therefore have significant economic impact in both developed and developing agricultural systems.

Genetic improvement of fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) in plants can be generated either via traditional breeding or via genetic engineering.

Attempts to generate plants with increased FUE have been described in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 20020046419 to Choo, et al.; U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2005010879 to Edgerton et al.; U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 20060179511 to Chomet et al.; Good, A, et al. 2007 (Engineering nitrogen use efficiency with alanine aminotransferase. Canadian Journal of Botany 85: 252-262); and Good A G et al. 2004 (Trends Plant Sci. 9:597-605).

Yanagisawa et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004 101:7833-8) describe Dof1 transgenic plants which exhibit improved growth under low-nitrogen conditions.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153 to Good et al. discloses the use of a stress responsive promoter to control the expression of Alanine Amine Transferase (AlaAT) and transgenic canola plants with improved drought and nitrogen deficiency tolerance when compared to control plants.

The global shortage of water supply, desertification, abiotic stress (ABS) conditions (e.g., drought, salinity, osmoticum, flood, suboptimal temperatures such as cold and heat, toxic chemical pollution, radiation, nutrient deficiencies, and the like) together with the presence of limited nitrogen and fertilizer sources cause substantial damage to agricultural plants such as major alterations in the plant metabolism, cell death, and decreases in plant growth and crop productivity.

Drought is a gradual phenomenon, which involves periods of abnormally dry weather that persists long enough to produce serious hydrologic imbalances such as crop damage, water supply shortage and increased susceptibility to various diseases.

Salinity affects one in five hectares of irrigated land. None of the top five food crops, i.e., wheat, corn, rice, potatoes, and soybean, can tolerate excessive salt. Detrimental effects of salt on plants result from both water deficit, which leads to osmotic stress (similar to drought stress), and the effect of excess sodium ions on critical biochemical processes. As with freezing and drought, high salt causes water deficit; and the presence of high salt makes it difficult for plant roots to extract water from their environment. Thus, salination of soils that are used for agricultural production is a significant and increasing problem in regions that rely heavily on agriculture, and is worsen by over-utilization, over-fertilization and water shortage, typically caused by climatic change and the demands of increasing population.

Extreme temperatures such as suboptimal or heat temperatures affect plant growth and development through the whole plant life cycle. Thus, low temperatures reduce germination rate and high temperatures result in leaf necrosis. In addition, mature plants that are exposed to excess of heat may experience heat shock, which may arise in various organs, including leaves and particularly fruit, when transpiration is insufficient to overcome heat stress. Heat also damages cellular structures, including organelles and cytoskeleton, and impairs membrane function. Heat shock may produce a decrease in overall protein synthesis, accompanied by expression of heat shock proteins, e.g., chaperones, which are involved in refolding proteins denatured by heat. High-temperature damage to pollen almost always occurs in conjunction with drought stress, and rarely occurs under well-watered conditions. Combined stress can alter plant metabolism in novel ways. Excessive chilling conditions, e.g., low, but above freezing, temperatures affect crops of tropical origins, such as soybean, rice, maize, and cotton. Typical chilling damage includes wilting, necrosis, chlorosis or leakage of ions from cell membranes. Excessive light conditions, which occur under clear atmospheric conditions subsequent to cold late summer/autumn nights, can lead to photoinhibition of photosynthesis (disruption of photosynthesis). In addition, chilling may lead to yield losses and lower product quality through the delayed ripening of maize.

Nutrient deficiencies cause adaptations of the root architecture, particularly notably for example is the root proliferation within nutrient rich patches to increase nutrient uptake. Nutrient deficiencies cause also the activation of plant metabolic pathways which maximize the absorption, assimilation and distribution processes such as by activating architectural changes. Engineering the expression of the triggered genes may cause the plant to exhibit the architectural changes and enhanced metabolism also under other conditions.

In addition, it is widely known that the plants usually respond to water deficiency by creating a deeper root system that allows access to moisture located in deeper soil layers. Triggering this effect will allow the plants to access nutrients and water located in deeper soil horizons particularly those readily dissolved in water like nitrates.

Yield is affected by various factors, such as, the number and size of the plant organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), grains set length, number of filled grains, vigor (e.g. seedling), growth rate, root development, utilization of water, nutrients (e.g., nitrogen) and fertilizers, and stress tolerance.

Crops such as, corn, rice, wheat, canola and soybean account for over half of total human caloric intake, whether through direct consumption of the seeds themselves or through consumption of meat products raised on processed seeds or forage. Seeds are also a source of sugars, proteins and oils and metabolites used in industrial processes. The ability to increase plant yield, whether through increase dry matter accumulation rate, modifying cellulose or lignin composition, increase stalk strength, enlarge meristem size, change of plant branching pattern, erectness of leaves, increase in fertilization efficiency, enhanced seed dry matter accumulation rate, modification of seed development, enhanced seed filling or by increasing the content of oil, starch or protein in the seeds would have many applications in agricultural and non-agricultural uses such as in the biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals, antibodies or vaccines.

WO publication No. 2009/013750 discloses genes, constructs and methods of increasing abiotic stress tolerance, biomass and/or yield in plants generated thereby.

WO publication No. 2008/122980 discloses genes constructs and methods for increasing oil content, growth rate and biomass of plants.

WO publication No. 2008/075364 discloses polynucleotides involved in plant fiber development and methods of using same.

WO publication No. 2007/049275 discloses isolated polypeptides, polynucleotides encoding same, transgenic plants expressing same and methods of using same for increasing fertilizer use efficiency, plant abiotic stress tolerance and biomass.

WO publication No. 2004/104162 discloses methods of increasing abiotic stress tolerance and/or biomass in plants and plants generated thereby.

WO publication No. 2005/121364 discloses polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant fiber development and methods of using same for improving fiber quality, yield and/or biomass of a fiber producing plant.

WO publication No. 2007/020638 discloses methods of increasing abiotic stress tolerance and/or biomass in plants and plants generated thereby.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2521 or 2522, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 and 2457, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2412 or 2413, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, and/or oil content of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2413, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2531 or 2532, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2532, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2521 or 2522, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress of a plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 and 2457.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563, wherein the amino acid sequence is capable of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide which comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide of the invention, and a promoter for directing transcription of the nucleic acid sequence in a host cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563, wherein the amino acid sequence is capable of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a plant cell exogenously expressing the polynucleotide of the invention, or the nucleic acid construct of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a plant cell exogenously expressing the polypeptide of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2521 or 2522.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polynucleotide consists of the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence encodes the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2412 or 2413.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polynucleotide consists of the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2413.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2531 or 2532.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence encodes the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2532.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plant cell forms part of a plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprising growing the plant expressing the exogenous polynucleotide under the abiotic stress.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the abiotic stress is selected from the group consisting of salinity, drought, water deprivation, flood, etiolation, low temperature, high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, nutrient excess, atmospheric pollution and UV irradiation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the yield comprises seed yield or oil yield.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the pGI binary plasmid used for expressing the isolated polynucleotide sequences of some embodiments of the invention. RB—T-DNA right border; LB—T-DNA left border; H—HindIII restriction enzyme; X—XbaI restriction enzyme; B—BamHI restriction enzyme; S—SalI restriction enzyme; Sm—SmaI restriction enzyme; R-I—EcoRI restriction enzyme; Sc—SacI/SstI/Ecl136II; (numbers)—Length in base-pairs; NOS pro=nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II=neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter=nopaline synthase terminator; Poly-A signal (polyadenylation signal); GUSintron—the GUS reporter gene (coding sequence and intron) The isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention were cloned into the vector while replacing the GUSintron reporter gene

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the modified pGI binary plasmid used for expressing the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention. RB—T-DNA right border; LB—T-DNA left border; MCS—Multiple cloning site; RE—any restriction enzyme; (numbers)—Length in base-pairs; NOS pro=nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II=neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter=nopaline synthase terminator; Poly-A signal (polyadenylation signal); GUSintron—the GUS reporter gene (coding sequence and intron) The isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention were cloned into the vector while replacing the GUSintron reporter gene.

FIGS. 3A-3B are images depicting visualization of root development of plants grown in transparent agar plates. The different transgenes were grown in transparent agar plates for 10 days and the plates were photographed every 3-4 days starting at day 1. FIG. 3A—An image of a photograph of plants taken following 10 days on agar plates. FIG. 3B—An image of root analysis in which the length of the root measured is represented by a red arrow.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides, expression vectors comprising same and transgenic plants expressing same and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to methods of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, yield, biomass, vigor, growth rate, oil content and abiotic stress tolerance of a plant using same.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

While reducing the present invention to practice, the present inventors have identified novel polypeptides and polynucleotides which can be used to increase nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, water use efficiency, yield, growth rate, biomass, oil content, vigor and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant.

Thus, as shown in the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have utilized bioinformatics tools to generate digital expression profiles of gene clusters which expression level is associated with various conditions and stresses such as nutrient deficiency, cold, salinity, drought, heat stress, etiolation, waterlogging and oxidative stress (Tables 1-19; Example 1 of the Examples section which follows), and based on the expression profiles have identified genes which are expected to enhance nitrogen use efficiency, biomass, growth rate, yield, vigor, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant (Table 20; polynucleotide SEQ ID NOs: 1-137; polypeptides SEQ ID NOs: 138-269; Example 1 of the Examples section which follows). Homologous polypeptides and polynucleotides having the same function were also identified (Table 21, polynucleotide SEQ ID NOs: 270-1333; polypeptide SEQ ID NOs: 1334-2397; Example 2 of the Examples section which follows). To test the effect of the isolated genes on the trait-of-interest, the polynucleotides were cloned into binary vectors (Table 23, polynucleotide SEQ ID NOs: 2398-2522; Example 3 of the Examples section which follows) and the predicted proteins were identified (Table 23, Example 3). Transgenic plants over-expressing the identified polynucleotides were found to exhibit increased nitrogen use efficiency, yield, biomass, photosynthetic areas and growth rate (Tables 24-521 Examples 5, 6 and 7 of the Examples section which follows), as well as increased abiotic stress tolerance (e.g., under salinity stress; Tables 53-55, Example 8 of the Examples section which follows). Altogether, these results suggest the use of the novel polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention and homologous sequences thereof for increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield (including oil yield, seed yield and oil content), growth rate, biomass, vigor and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant.

Thus, according to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there is provided method of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant, comprising expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2521 or 2522, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, water use efficiency and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

As used herein the phrase “fertilizer use efficiency” refers to the metabolic process(es) which lead to an increase in the plant's yield, biomass, vigor, and growth rate per fertilizer unit applied. The metabolic process can be the uptake, spread, absorbent, accumulation, relocation (within the plant) and use of one or more of the minerals and organic moieties absorbed by the plant, such as nitrogen, phosphates and/or potassium.

As used herein the phrase “fertilizer-limiting conditions” refers to growth conditions which include a level (e.g., concentration) of a fertilizer applied which is below the level needed for normal plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability.

As used herein the phrase “nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)” refers to the metabolic process(es) which lead to an increase in the plant's yield, biomass, vigor, and growth rate per nitrogen unit applied. The metabolic process can be the uptake, spread, absorbent, accumulation, relocation (within the plant) and use of nitrogen absorbed by the plant.

As used herein the phrase “nitrogen-limiting conditions” refers to growth conditions which include a level (e.g., concentration) of nitrogen (e.g., ammonium or nitrate) applied which is below the level needed for normal plant metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability.

Improved plant NUE and FUE is translated in the field into either harvesting similar quantities of yield, while implementing less fertilizers, or increased yields gained by implementing the same levels of fertilizers. Thus, improved NUE or FUE has a direct effect on plant yield in the field. Thus, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of some embodiments of the invention positively affect plant yield, seed yield, and plant biomass. In addition, the benefit of improved plant NUE will certainly improve crop quality and biochemical constituents of the seed such as protein yield and oil yield.

As used herein the phrase “plant yield” refers to the amount (as determined by weight or size) or quantity (numbers) of tissue produced per plant or per growing season. Hence increased yield could affect the economic benefit one can obtain from the plant in a certain growing area and/or growing time.

It should be noted that a plant yield can be affected by various parameters including, but not limited to, plant biomass; plant vigor; growth rate; seed yield; seed or grain quantity; seed or grain quality; oil yield; content of oil, starch and/or protein in harvested organs (e.g., seeds or vegetative parts of the plant); number of flowers (florets) per panicle (expressed as a ratio of number of filled seeds over number of primary panicles); harvest index; number of plants grown per area; number and size of harvested organs per plant and per area; number of plants per growing area (density); number of harvested organs in field; total leaf area; carbon assimilation and carbon partitioning (the distribution/allocation of carbon within the plant); resistance to shade; number of harvestable organs (e.g. seeds), seeds per pod, weight per seed; and modified architecture [such as increase stalk diameter, thickness or improvement of physical properties (e.g. elasticity)].

As used herein the phrase “plant biomass” refers to the amount (measured in grams of air-dry tissue) of a tissue produced from the plant in a growing season, which could also determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing area. An increase in plant biomass can be in the whole plant or in parts thereof such as aboveground (harvestable) parts, vegetative biomass, roots and seeds.

As used herein the phrase “growth rate” refers to the increase in plant organ size or mass per time (can be measured in cm² per day, day or as the regression coefficient of along time course).

As used herein the phrase “plant vigor” refers to the amount (measured by weight) of tissue produced by the plant in a given time. Hence increased vigor could determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing time or growing area. In addition, early vigor (seed and/or seedling) result with improved field stand.

As used herein the phrase “seed yield” refers to the number or weight of the seeds per plant, seeds per pod, or per growing area or to the weight of a single seed, or to the oil extracted per seed. Hence seed yield can be affected by seed dimensions (e.g., length, width, perimeter, area and/or volume), number of (filled) seeds and seed filling rate and by seed oil content. Hence increase seed yield per plant could affect the economic benefit one can obtain from the plant in a certain growing area and/or growing time; and increase seed yield per growing area could be achieved by increasing seed yield per plant, and/or by increasing number of plants grown on the same given area.

The term “seed” (also referred to as “grain” or “kernel”) as used herein refers to a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat (usually with some stored food), the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant.

The phrase “oil content” as used herein refers to the amount of lipids in a given plant organ, either the seeds (seed oil content) or the vegetative portion of the plant (vegetative oil content) and is typically expressed as percentage of dry weight (10% humidity of seeds) or wet weight (for vegetative portion).

It should be noted that oil content is affected by intrinsic oil production of a tissue (e.g., seed, vegetative portion), as well as the mass or size of the oil-producing tissue per plant or per growth period.

In one embodiment, increase in oil content of the plant can be achieved by increasing the size/mass of a plant's tissue(s) which comprise oil per growth period. Thus, increased oil content of a plant can be achieved by increasing the yield, growth rate, biomass and vigor of the plant.

It should be noted that a plant yield can be determined under stress (e.g., abiotic stress, nitrogen-limiting conditions) or non-stress (normal) conditions.

As used herein, the phrase “non-stress conditions” refers to the growth conditions (e.g., water, temperature, light-dark cycles, humidity, salt concentration, fertilizer concentration in soil, nutrient supply such as nitrogen, phosphorous and/or potassium), which enable normal metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability of a plant at any stage in its life cycle (from seed to mature plant and back to seed again). It should be noted that while the non-stress conditions may include some mild variations from the optimal conditions (which vary from one type/species of a plant to another), such variations do not cause the plant to cease growing without the capacity to resume growth.

The phrase “abiotic stress” as used herein refers to any adverse effect on metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability of a plant. Accordingly, abiotic stress can be induced by suboptimal environmental growth conditions such as, for example, salinity, water deprivation, flooding, freezing, low or high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, atmospheric pollution or UV irradiation. The implications of abiotic stress are discussed in the Background section.

The phrase “abiotic stress tolerance” as used herein refers to the ability of a plant to endure an abiotic stress without suffering a substantial alteration in metabolism, growth, productivity and/or viability.

As used herein the phrase “water use efficiency (WUE)” refers to the level of organic matter produced per unit of water consumed by the plant, i.e., the dry weight of a plant in relation to the plant's water use, e.g., the biomass produced per unit transpiration.

As used herein the term “increasing” refers to at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, increase in nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, water use efficiency and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant as compared to a native plant [i.e., a plant not modified with the biomolecules (polynucleotide or polypeptides) of the invention, e.g., a non-transformed plant of the same species which is grown under the same growth conditions).

As used herein, the phrase “exogenous polynucleotide” refers to a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which may not be naturally expressed within the plant or which overexpression in the plant is desired. The exogenous polynucleotide may be introduced into the plant in a stable or transient manner, so as to produce a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule and/or a polypeptide molecule. It should be noted that the exogenous polynucleotide may comprise a nucleic acid sequence which is identical or partially homologous to an endogenous nucleic acid sequence of the plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical to the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522.

Identity (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastN software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide is at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical to the polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2521 or 2522.

As used herein the term “polynucleotide” refers to a single or double stranded nucleic acid sequence which is isolated and provided in the form of an RNA sequence, a complementary polynucleotide sequence (cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence and/or a composite polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of the above).

The term “isolated” refers to at least partially separated from the natural environment e.g., from a plant cell.

As used herein the phrase “complementary polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence, which results from reverse transcription of messenger RNA using a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA dependent DNA polymerase. Such a sequence can be subsequently amplified in vivo or in vitro using a DNA dependent DNA polymerase.

As used herein the phrase “genomic polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it represents a contiguous portion of a chromosome.

As used herein the phrase “composite polynucleotide sequence” refers to a sequence, which is at least partially complementary and at least partially genomic. A composite sequence can include some exonal sequences required to encode the polypeptide of the present invention, as well as some intronic sequences interposing therebetween. The intronic sequences can be of any source, including of other genes, and typically will include conserved splicing signal sequences. Such intronic sequences may further include cis acting expression regulatory elements.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide of the invention encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more say 100% homologous to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563.

Homology (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastP or TBLASTN software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters, when starting from a polypeptide sequence; or the tBLASTX algorithm (available via the NCBI) such as by using default parameters, which compares the six-frame conceptual translation products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against a protein sequence database.

Homologous sequences include both orthologous and paralogous sequences. The term “paralogous” relates to gene-duplications within the genome of a species leading to paralogous genes. The term “orthologous” relates to homologous genes in different organisms due to ancestral relationship.

One option to identify orthologues in monocot plant species is by performing a reciprocal blast search. This may be done by a first blast involving blasting the sequence-of-interest against any sequence database, such as the publicly available NCBI database which may be found at: Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov. If orthologues in rice were sought, the sequence-of-interest would be blasted against, for example, the 28,469 full-length cDNA clones from Oryza sativa Nipponbare available at NCBI. The blast results may be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filtered results or the non-filtered results are then blasted back (second blast) against the sequences of the organism from which the sequence-of-interest is derived. The results of the first and second blasts are then compared. An orthologue is identified when the sequence resulting in the highest score (best hit) in the first blast identifies in the second blast the query sequence (the original sequence-of-interest) as the best hit. Using the same rational a paralogue (homolog to a gene in the same organism) is found. In case of large sequence families, the ClustalW program may be used [Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ebi (dot) ac (dot) uk/Tools/clustalw2/index (dot) html], followed by a neighbor-joining tree (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://en (dot) wikipedia (dot) org/wiki/Neighbor-joining) which helps visualizing the clustering.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2562 or 2563.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant. The method is effected by expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide. comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 and 2457, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 or 2457.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide of the invention encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content and/or abiotic stress tolerance of the plant.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and/or oil content of a plant. The method is effected by expressing within the plant an exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2412 or 2413, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, and/or oil content of the plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical to the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2413.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide is at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical to the polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2413.

According to some embodiments of the invention the exogenous polynucleotide is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 288, 294, 2398-2412 or 2413.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide of the invention encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more say 100% homologous to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2532.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 138-153, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1458, 1460, 2523-2531 or 2532.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptides of the present invention may be optimized for expression. Non-limiting examples of optimized nucleic acid sequences are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 2415, 2420, 2428, 2430, 2431, 2436, 2437, 2441, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2451, 2456, 2468, 2471, 2478, 2481, 2484, 2520 and 2522 (Table 23). Examples of such sequence modifications include, but are not limited to, an altered G/C content to more closely approach that typically found in the plant species of interest, and the removal of codons atypically found in the plant species commonly referred to as codon optimization.

The phrase “codon optimization” refers to the selection of appropriate DNA nucleotides for use within a structural gene or fragment thereof that approaches codon usage within the plant of interest. Therefore, an optimized gene or nucleic acid sequence refers to a gene in which the nucleotide sequence of a native or naturally occurring gene has been modified in order to utilize statistically-preferred or statistically-favored codons within the plant. The nucleotide sequence typically is examined at the DNA level and the coding region optimized for expression in the plant species determined using any suitable procedure, for example as described in Sardana et al. (1996, Plant Cell Reports 15:677-681). In this method, the standard deviation of codon usage, a measure of codon usage bias, may be calculated by first finding the squared proportional deviation of usage of each codon of the native gene relative to that of highly expressed plant genes, followed by a calculation of the average squared deviation. The formula used is: 1 SDCU=n=1 N[(Xn−Yn)/Yn]2/N, where Xn refers to the frequency of usage of codon n in highly expressed plant genes, where Yn to the frequency of usage of codon n in the gene of interest and N refers to the total number of codons in the gene of interest. A Table of codon usage from highly expressed genes of dicotyledonous plants is compiled using the data of Murray et al. (1989, Nuc Acids Res. 17:477-498).

One method of optimizing the nucleic acid sequence in accordance with the preferred codon usage for a particular plant cell type is based on the direct use, without performing any extra statistical calculations, of codon optimization Tables such as those provided on-line at the Codon Usage Database through the NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) DNA bank in Japan (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) kazusa (dot) or (dot) jp/codon/). The Codon Usage Database contains codon usage tables for a number of different species, with each codon usage Table having been statistically determined based on the data present in Genbank.

By using the above Tables to determine the most preferred or most favored codons for each amino acid in a particular species (for example, rice), a naturally-occurring nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest can be codon optimized for that particular plant species. This is effected by replacing codons that may have a low statistical incidence in the particular species genome with corresponding codons, in regard to an amino acid, that are statistically more favored. However, one or more less-favored codons may be selected to delete existing restriction sites, to create new ones at potentially useful junctions (5′ and 3′ ends to add signal peptide or termination cassettes, internal sites that might be used to cut and splice segments together to produce a correct full-length sequence), or to eliminate nucleotide sequences that may negatively effect mRNA stability or expression.

The naturally-occurring encoding nucleotide sequence may already, in advance of any modification, contain a number of codons that correspond to a statistically-favored codon in a particular plant species. Therefore, codon optimization of the native nucleotide sequence may comprise determining which codons, within the native nucleotide sequence, are not statistically-favored with regards to a particular plant, and modifying these codons in accordance with a codon usage table of the particular plant to produce a codon optimized derivative. A modified nucleotide sequence may be fully or partially optimized for plant codon usage provided that the protein encoded by the modified nucleotide sequence is produced at a level higher than the protein encoded by the corresponding naturally occurring or native gene. Construction of synthetic genes by altering the codon usage is described in for example PCT Patent Application 93/07278.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the exogenous polynucleotide is a non-coding RNA.

As used herein the phrase ‘non-coding RNA” refers to an RNA molecule which does not encode an amino acid sequence (a polypeptide). Examples of such non-coding RNA molecules include, but are not limited to, an antisense RNA, a pre-miRNA (precursor of a microRNA), or a precursor of a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA).

According to a specific embodiment the non-coding polynucleotide comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64 or 2459 (NUE512).

Thus, the invention encompasses nucleic acid sequences described hereinabove; fragments thereof, sequences hybridizable therewith, sequences homologous thereto, sequences encoding similar polypeptides with different codon usage, altered sequences characterized by mutations, such as deletion, insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.

The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, e.g., 100% identical to the polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522.

According to some embodiments of the invention the nucleic acid sequence is capable of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency of a plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention the isolated polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 and 2457.

According to some embodiments of the invention the isolated polynucleotide is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 2506, 2512, 2442, 2496, 2446, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16-19, 21-60, 63-128, 130-137, 270-287, 289-293, 295-306, 308-362, 364-666, 671, 673-1333, 2414-2441, 2443-2445, 2447-2455, 2458-2495, 2497-2505, 2507-2511, 2513-2522, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 61, 62, 129, 288, 294, 307, 363, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 2398-2413, 2456 or 2457.

The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide which comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more say 100% homologous to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563.

According to some embodiments of the invention the amino acid sequence is capable of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency of a plant.

The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide which comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543.

The invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more say 100% homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 and 2543.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 2557, 2560, 184, 238, 188, 154-156, 158-161, 163-183, 185-187, 189-197, 200-237, 239-264, 266-269, 1351, 1365-1425, 1429-1457, 1459, 1461-1730, 1735, 1739-2397, 2533-2541, 2544-2556, 2558, 2559, 2561-2563, 138-143, 146, 148, 150-152, 157, 162, 198, 265, 1334-1350, 1352-1364, 1426-1428, 1458, 1460, 1732-1734, 1737-1738, 2523-2532, 2542 or 2543.

The invention also encompasses fragments of the above described polypeptides and polypeptides having mutations, such as deletions, insertions or substitutions of one or more amino acids, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.

The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, roots (including tubers), and plant cells, tissues and organs. The plant may be in any form including suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including a fodder or forage legume, ornamental plant, food crop, tree, or shrub selected from the list comprising Acacia spp., Acer spp., Actinidia spp., Aesculus spp., Agathis australis, Albizia amara, Alsophila tricolor, Andropogon spp., Arachis spp, Areca catechu, Astelia fragrans, Astragalus cicer, Baikiaea plurijuga, Betula spp., Brassica spp., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Burkea africana, Butea frondosa, Cadaba farinosa, Calliandra spp, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Capsicum spp., Cassia spp., Centroema pubescens, Chacoomeles spp., Cinnamomum cassia, Coffea arabica, Colophospermum mopane, Coronillia varia, Cotoneaster serotina, Crataegus spp., Cucumis spp., Cupressus spp., Cyathea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Cryptomeria japonica, Cymbopogon spp., Cynthea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Dalbergia monetaria, Davallia divaricata, Desmodium spp., Dicksonia squarosa, Dibeteropogon amplectens, Dioclea spp, Dolichos spp., Dorycnium rectum, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Ehraffia spp., Eleusine coracana, Eragrestis spp., Erythrina spp., Eucalypfus spp., Euclea schimperi, Eulalia vilosa, Pagopyrum spp., Feijoa sellowlana, Fragaria spp., Flemingia spp, Freycinetia banksli, Geranium thunbergii, GinAgo biloba, Glycine javanica, Gliricidia spp, Gossypium hirsutum, Grevillea spp., Guibourtia coleosperma, Hedysarum spp., Hemaffhia altissima, Heteropogon contoffus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyparrhenia rufa, Hypericum erectum, Hypeffhelia dissolute, Indigo incamata, Iris spp., Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, Lespediza spp., Lettuca spp., Leucaena leucocephala, Loudetia simplex, Lotonus bainesli, Lotus spp., Macrotyloma axillare, Malus spp., Manihot esculenta, Medicago saliva, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Musa sapientum, Nicotianum spp., Onobrychis spp., Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp., Peltophorum africanum, Pennisetum spp., Persea gratissima, Petunia spp., Phaseolus spp., Phoenix canariensis, Phormium cookianum, Photinia spp., Picea glauca, Pinus spp., Pisum sativam, Podocarpus totara, Pogonarthria fleckii, Pogonaffhria squarrosa, Populus spp., Prosopis cineraria, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pterolobium stellatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Rhaphiolepsis umbellata, Rhopalostylis sapida, Rhus natalensis, Ribes grossularia, Ribes spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa spp., Rubus spp., Salix spp., Schyzachyrium sanguineum, Sciadopitys vefficillata, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Sporobolus fimbriatus, Stiburus alopecuroides, Stylosanthos humilis, Tadehagi spp, Taxodium distichum, Themeda triandra, Trifolium spp., Triticum spp., Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium spp., Vicia spp., Vitis vinifera, Watsonia pyramidata, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zea mays, amaranth, artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, collard greens, flax, kale, lentil, oilseed rape, okra, onion, potato, rice, soybean, straw, sugar beet, sugar cane, sunflower, tomato, squash tea, maize, wheat, barely, rye, oat, peanut, pea, lentil and alfalfa, cotton, rapeseed, canola, pepper, sunflower, tobacco, eggplant, eucalyptus, a tree, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop. Alternatively algae and other non-Viridiplantae can be used for the methods of the present invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plant used by the method of the invention is a crop plant such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, peanut, potato, sesame, olive tree, palm oil, banana, soybean, sunflower, canola, sugarcane, alfalfa, millet, leguminosae (bean, pea), flax, lupinus, rapeseed, tobacco, poplar and cotton.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a plant cell exogenously expressing the polynucleotide of some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct of some embodiments of the invention and/or the polypeptide of some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, expressing the exogenous polynucleotide of the invention within the plant is effected by transforming one or more cells of the plant with the exogenous polynucleotide, followed by generating a mature plant from the transformed cells and cultivating the mature plant under conditions suitable for expressing the exogenous polynucleotide within the mature plant.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the transformation is effected by introducing to the plant cell a nucleic acid construct which includes the exogenous polynucleotide of some embodiments of the invention and at least one promoter for directing transcription of the exogenous polynucleotide in a host cell (a plant cell). Further details of suitable transformation approaches are provided hereinbelow.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide of the invention, and a promoter for directing transcription of the nucleic acid sequence of the isolated polynucleotide in a host cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is operably linked to the promoter sequence.

A coding nucleic acid sequence is “operably linked” to a regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter) if the regulatory sequence is capable of exerting a regulatory effect on the coding sequence linked thereto.

As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a region of DNA which lies upstream of the transcriptional initiation site of a gene to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of RNA. The promoter controls where (e.g., which portion of a plant) and/or when (e.g., at which stage or condition in the lifetime of an organism) the gene is expressed.

Any suitable promoter sequence can be used by the nucleic acid construct of the present invention. Preferably the promoter is a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific, or an abiotic stress-inducible promoter.

Suitable constitutive promoters include, for example, CaMV 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 3063; Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812, 1985); Arabidopsis At6669 promoter (SEQ ID NO:3064; see PCT Publication No. WO04081173A2); maize Ubi 1 (Christensen et al., Plant Sol. Biol. 18:675-689, 1992); rice actin (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2:163-171, 1990); pEMU (Last et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588, 1991); CaMV 19S (Nilsson et al., Physiol. Plant 100:456-462, 1997); GOS2 (de Pater et al, Plant J November; 2(6):837-44, 1992); ubiquitin (Christensen et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 675-689, 1992); Rice cyclophilin (Bucholz et al, Plant Mol Biol. 25(5):837-43, 1994); Maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al, Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 276-285, 1992); Actin 2 (An et al, Plant J. 10(1); 107-121, 1996) and Synthetic Super MAS (Ni et al., The Plant Journal 7: 661-76, 1995). Other constitutive promoters include those in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,026, 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597: 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142.

Suitable tissue-specific promoters include, but not limited to, leaf-specific promoters [such as described, for example, by Yamamoto et al., Plant J. 12:255-265, 1997; Kwon et al., Plant Physiol. 105:357-67, 1994; Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 35:773-778, 1994; Gotor et al., Plant J. 3:509-18, 1993; Orozco et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 23:1129-1138, 1993; and Matsuoka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9586-9590, 1993], seed-preferred promoters [e.g., from seed specific genes (Simon, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 5. 191, 1985; Scofield, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 12202, 1987; Baszczynski, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14: 633, 1990), Brazil Nut albumin (Pearson' et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18: 235-245, 1992), legumin (Ellis, et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 10: 203-214, 1988), Glutelin (rice) (Takaiwa, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 208: 15-22, 1986; Takaiwa, et al., FEBS Letts. 221: 43-47, 1987), Zein (Matzke et al Plant Mol Biol, 143). 323-32 1990), napA (Stalberg, et al, Planta 199: 515-519, 1996), Wheat SPA (Albani et al, Plant Cell, 9: 171-184, 1997), sunflower oleosin (Cummins, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 19: 873-876, 1992)], endosperm specific promoters [e.g., wheat LMW and HMW, glutenin-1 (Mol Gen Genet 216:81-90, 1989; NAR 17:461-2), wheat a, b and g gliadins (EMBO3:1409-15, 1984), Barley ltrl promoter, barley B1, C, D hordein (Theor Appl Gen 98:1253-62, 1999; Plant J 4:343-55, 1993; Mol Gen Genet 250:750-60, 1996), Barley DOF (Mena et al, The Plant Journal, 116(1): 53-62, 1998), Biz2 (EP99106056.7), Synthetic promoter (Vicente-Carbajosa et al., Plant J. 13: 629-640, 1998), rice prolamin NRP33, rice-globulin Glb-1 (Wu et al, Plant Cell Physiology 39(8) 885-889, 1998), rice alpha-globulin REB/OHP-1 (Nakase et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 513-S22, 1997), rice ADP-glucose PP (Trans Res 6:157-68, 1997), maize ESR gene family (Plant J 12:235-46, 1997), sorgum gamma-kafirin (PMB 32:1029-35, 1996)], embryo specific promoters [e.g., rice OSH1 (Sato et al, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8117-8122), KNOX (Postma-Haarsma of al, Plant Mol. Biol. 39:257-71, 1999), rice oleosin (Wu et at, J. Biochem., 123:386, 1998)], and flower-specific promoters [e.g., AtPRP4, chalene synthase (chsA) (Van der Meer, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15, 95-109, 1990), LAT52 (Twell et al Mol. Gen Genet. 217:240-245; 1989), apetala-3].

Suitable abiotic stress-inducible promoters include, but not limited to, salt-inducible promoters such as RD29A (Yamaguchi-Shinozalei et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 236:331-340, 1993); drought-inducible promoters such as maize rab17 gene promoter (Pla et. al., Plant Mol. Biol. 21:259-266, 1993), maize rab28 gene promoter (Busk et. al., Plant J. 11:1285-1295, 1997) and maize Ivr2 gene promoter (Pelleschi et. al., Plant Mol. Biol. 39:373-380, 1999); heat-inducible promoters such as heat tomato hsp80-promoter from tomato (U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,267).

The nucleic acid construct of some embodiments of the invention can further include an appropriate selectable marker and/or an origin of replication. According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct utilized is a shuttle vector, which can propagate both in E. coli (wherein the construct comprises an appropriate selectable marker and origin of replication) and be compatible with propagation in cells. The construct according to the present invention can be, for example, a plasmid, a bacmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus or an artificial chromosome.

The nucleic acid construct of some embodiments of the invention can be utilized to stably or transiently transform plant cells. In stable transformation, the exogenous polynucleotide is integrated into the plant genome and as such it represents a stable and inherited trait. In transient transformation, the exogenous polynucleotide is expressed by the cell transformed but it is not integrated into the genome and as such it represents a transient trait.

There are various methods of introducing foreign genes into both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Potrykus, I., Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol, Plant. Mol. Biol. (1991) 42:205-225; Shimamoto et al, Nature (1989) 338:274-276).

The principle methods of causing stable integration of exogenous DNA into plant genomic DNA include two main approaches:

(i) Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer: Klee et al. (1987) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38:467-486; Klee and Rogers in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes, eds. Schell, J., and Vasil, L. K., Academic Publishers, San Diego, Calif. (1989) p. 2-25; Gatenby, in Plant Biotechnology, eds. Kung, S. and Arntzen, C. J., Butterworth Publishers, Boston, Mass. (1989) p. 93-112.

(ii) Direct DNA uptake: Paszkowski et al., in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes eds. Schell, J., and Vasil, L. K., Academic Publishers, San Diego, Calif. (1989) p. 52-68; including methods for direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts, Toriyama, K. et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:1072-1074. DNA uptake induced by brief electric shock of plant cells: Zhang et al. Plant Cell Rep. (1988) 7:379-384. Fromm et al. Nature (1986) 319:791-793. DNA injection into plant cells or tissues by particle bombardment, Klein et al. Bio/Technology (1988) 6:559-563; McCabe et al. Bio/Technology (1988) 6:923-926; Sanford, Physiol. Plant. (1990) 79:206-209; by the use of micropipette systems: Neuhaus et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. (1987) 75:30-36; Neuhaus and Spangenberg, Physiol. Plant. (1990) 79:213-217; glass fibers or silicon carbide whisker transformation of cell cultures, embryos or callus tissue, U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,765 or by the direct incubation of DNA with germinating pollen, DeWet et al. in Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissue, eds. Chapman, G. P. and Mantell, S. H. and Daniels, W. Longman, London, (1985) p. 197-209; and Ohta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1986) 83:715-719.

The Agrobacterium system includes the use of plasmid vectors that contain defined DNA segments that integrate into the plant genomic DNA. Methods of inoculation of the plant tissue vary depending upon the plant species and the Agrobacterium delivery system. A widely used approach is the leaf disc procedure which can be performed with any tissue explant that provides a good source for initiation of whole plant differentiation. See, e.g., Horsch et al. in Plant Molecular Biology Manual A5, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1988) p. 1-9. A supplementary approach employs the Agrobacterium delivery system in combination with vacuum infiltration. The Agrobacterium system is especially viable in the creation of transgenic dicotyledonous plants.

There are various methods of direct DNA transfer into plant cells. In electroporation, the protoplasts are briefly exposed to a strong electric field. In microinjection, the DNA is mechanically injected directly into the cells using very small micropipettes. In microparticle bombardment, the DNA is adsorbed on microprojectiles such as magnesium sulfate crystals or tungsten particles, and the microprojectiles are physically accelerated into cells or plant tissues.

Following stable transformation plant propagation is exercised. The most common method of plant propagation is by seed. Regeneration by seed propagation, however, has the deficiency that due to heterozygosity there is a lack of uniformity in the crop, since seeds are produced by plants according to the genetic variances governed by Mendelian rules. Basically, each seed is genetically different and each will grow with its own specific traits. Therefore, it is preferred that the transformed plant be produced such that the regenerated plant has the identical traits and characteristics of the parent transgenic plant. Therefore, it is preferred that the transformed plant be regenerated by micropropagation which provides a rapid, consistent reproduction of the transformed plants.

Micropropagation is a process of growing new generation plants from a single piece of tissue that has been excised from a selected parent plant or cultivar. This process permits the mass reproduction of plants having the preferred tissue expressing the fusion protein. The new generation plants which are produced are genetically identical to, and have all of the characteristics of, the original plant. Micropropagation allows mass production of quality plant material in a short period of time and offers a rapid multiplication of selected cultivars in the preservation of the characteristics of the original transgenic or transformed plant. The advantages of cloning plants are the speed of plant multiplication and the quality and uniformity of plants produced.

Micropropagation is a multi-stage procedure that requires alteration of culture medium or growth conditions between stages. Thus, the micropropagation process involves four basic stages: Stage one, initial tissue culturing; stage two, tissue culture multiplication; stage three, differentiation and plant formation; and stage four, greenhouse culturing and hardening. During stage one, initial tissue culturing, the tissue culture is established and certified contaminant-free. During stage two, the initial tissue culture is multiplied until a sufficient number of tissue samples are produced to meet production goals. During stage three, the tissue samples grown in stage two are divided and grown into individual plantlets. At stage four, the transformed plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse for hardening where the plants' tolerance to light is gradually increased so that it can be grown in the natural environment.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the transgenic plants are generated by transient transformation of leaf cells, meristematic cells or the whole plant.

Transient transformation can be effected by any of the direct DNA transfer methods described above or by viral infection using modified plant viruses.

Viruses that have been shown to be useful for the transformation of plant hosts include CaMV, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV) and Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BV or BCMV). Transformation of plants using plant viruses is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,237 (bean golden mosaic virus; BGV), EP-A 67,553 (TMV), Japanese Published Application No. 63-14693 (TMV), EPA 194,809 (BV), EPA 278,667 (BV); and Gluzman, Y. et al., Communications in Molecular Biology: Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp. 172-189 (1988). Pseudovirus particles for use in expressing foreign DNA in many hosts, including plants are described in WO 87/06261.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the virus used for transient transformations is avirulent and thus is incapable of causing severe symptoms such as reduced growth rate, mosaic, ring spots, leaf roll, yellowing, streaking, pox formation, tumor formation and pitting. A suitable avirulent virus may be a naturally occurring avirulent virus or an artificially attenuated virus. Virus attenuation may be effected by using methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, sub-lethal heating, chemical treatment or by directed mutagenesis techniques such as described, for example, by Kurihara and Watanabe (Molecular Plant Pathology 4:259-269, 2003), Galon et al. (1992), Atreya et al. (1992) and Huet et al. (1994).

Suitable virus strains can be obtained from available sources such as, for example, the American Type culture Collection (ATCC) or by isolation from infected plants. Isolation of viruses from infected plant tissues can be effected by techniques well known in the art such as described, for example by Foster and Tatlor, Eds. “Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance (Methods in Molecular Biology (Humana Pr), Vol 81)”, Humana Press, 1998. Briefly, tissues of an infected plant believed to contain a high concentration of a suitable virus, preferably young leaves and flower petals, are ground in a buffer solution (e.g., phosphate buffer solution) to produce a virus infected sap which can be used in subsequent inoculations.

Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression of non-viral exogenous polynucleotide sequences in plants is demonstrated by the above references as well as by Dawson, W. O. et al., Virology (1989) 172:285-292; Takamatsu et al. EMBO J. (1987) 6:307-311; French et al. Science (1986) 231:1294-1297; Takamatsu et al. FEBS Letters (1990) 269:73-76; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,931.

When the virus is a DNA virus, suitable modifications can be made to the virus itself. Alternatively, the virus can first be cloned into a bacterial plasmid for ease of constructing the desired viral vector with the foreign DNA. The virus can then be excised from the plasmid. If the virus is a DNA virus, a bacterial origin of replication can be attached to the viral DNA, which is then replicated by the bacteria. Transcription and translation of this DNA will produce the coat protein which will encapsidate the viral DNA. If the virus is an RNA virus, the virus is generally cloned as a cDNA and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is then used to make all of the constructions. The RNA virus is then produced by transcribing the viral sequence of the plasmid and translation of the viral genes to produce the coat protein(s) which encapsidate the viral RNA.

In one embodiment, a plant viral polynucleotide is provided in which the native coat protein coding sequence has been deleted from a viral polynucleotide, a non-native plant viral coat protein coding sequence and a non-native promoter, preferably the subgenomic promoter of the non-native coat protein coding sequence, capable of expression in the plant host, packaging of the recombinant plant viral polynucleotide, and ensuring a systemic infection of the host by the recombinant plant viral polynucleotide, has been inserted. Alternatively, the coat protein gene may be inactivated by insertion of the non-native polynucleotide sequence within it, such that a protein is produced. The recombinant plant viral polynucleotide may contain one or more additional non-native subgenomic promoters. Each non-native subgenomic promoter is capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes or polynucleotide sequences in the plant host and incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. Non-native (foreign) polynucleotide sequences may be inserted adjacent the native plant viral subgenomic promoter or the native and a non-native plant viral subgenomic promoters if more than one polynucleotide sequence is included. The non-native polynucleotide sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoter to produce the desired products.

In a second embodiment, a recombinant plant viral polynucleotide is provided as in the first embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is placed adjacent one of the non-native coat protein subgenomic promoters instead of a non-native coat protein coding sequence.

In a third embodiment, a recombinant plant viral polynucleotide is provided in which the native coat protein gene is adjacent its subgenomic promoter and one or more non-native subgenomic promoters have been inserted into the viral polynucleotide. The inserted non-native subgenomic promoters are capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes in a plant host and are incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. Non-native polynucleotide sequences may be inserted adjacent the non-native subgenomic plant viral promoters such that the sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoters to produce the desired product.

In a fourth embodiment, a recombinant plant viral polynucleotide is provided as in the third embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is replaced by a non-native coat protein coding sequence.

The viral vectors are encapsidated by the coat proteins encoded by the recombinant plant viral polynucleotide to produce a recombinant plant virus. The recombinant plant viral polynucleotide or recombinant plant virus is used to infect appropriate host plants. The recombinant plant viral polynucleotide is capable of replication in the host, systemic spread in the host, and transcription or expression of foreign gene(s) (exogenous polynucleotide) in the host to produce the desired protein.

Techniques for inoculation of viruses to plants may be found in Foster and Taylor, eds. “Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance (Methods in Molecular Biology (Humana Pr), Vol 81)”, Humana Press, 1998; Maramorosh and Koprowski, eds. “Methods in Virology” 7 vols, Academic Press, New York 1967-1984; Hill, S. A. “Methods in Plant Virology”, Blackwell, Oxford, 1984; Walkey, D. G. A. “Applied Plant Virology”, Wiley, New York, 1985; and Kado and Agrawa, eds. “Principles and Techniques in Plant Virology”, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.

In addition to the above, the polynucleotide of the present invention can also be introduced into a chloroplast genome thereby enabling chloroplast expression.

A technique for introducing exogenous polynucleotide sequences to the genome of the chloroplasts is known. This technique involves the following procedures. First, plant cells are chemically treated so as to reduce the number of chloroplasts per cell to about one. Then, the exogenous polynucleotide is introduced via particle bombardment into the cells with the aim of introducing at least one exogenous polynucleotide molecule into the chloroplasts. The exogenous polynucleotides selected such that it is integratable into the chloroplast's genome via homologous recombination which is readily effected by enzymes inherent to the chloroplast. To this end, the exogenous polynucleotide includes, in addition to a gene of interest, at least one polynucleotide stretch which is derived from the chloroplast's genome. In addition, the exogenous polynucleotide includes a selectable marker, which serves by sequential selection procedures to ascertain that all or substantially all of the copies of the chloroplast genomes following such selection will include the exogenous polynucleotide. Further details relating to this technique are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050; and 5,693,507 which are incorporated herein by reference. A polypeptide can thus be produced by the protein expression system of the chloroplast and become integrated into the chloroplast's inner membrane.

Since processes which increase oil content, yield, growth rate, biomass, vigor and/or abiotic stress tolerance of a plant can involve multiple genes acting additively or in synergy (see, for example, in Quesda et al., Plant Physiol. 130:951-063, 2002), the present invention also envisages expressing a plurality of exogenous polynucleotides in a single host plant to thereby achieve superior effect on oil content, yield, growth rate, biomass, vigor and/or abiotic stress tolerance.

Expressing a plurality of exogenous polynucleotides in a single host plant can be effected by co-introducing multiple nucleic acid constructs, each including a different exogenous polynucleotide, into a single plant cell. The transformed cell can than be regenerated into a mature plant using the methods described hereinabove.

Alternatively, expressing a plurality of exogenous polynucleotides in a single host plant can be effected by co-introducing into a single plant-cell a single nucleic-acid construct including a plurality of different exogenous polynucleotides. Such a construct can be designed with a single promoter sequence which can transcribe a polycistronic messenger RNA including all the different exogenous polynucleotide sequences. To enable co-translation of the different polypeptides encoded by the polycistronic messenger RNA, the polynucleotide sequences can be inter-linked via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence which facilitates translation of polynucleotide sequences positioned downstream of the IRES sequence. In this case, a transcribed polycistronic RNA molecule encoding the different polypeptides described above will be translated from both the capped 5′ end and the two internal IRES sequences of the polycistronic RNA molecule to thereby produce in the cell all different polypeptides. Alternatively, the construct can include several promoter sequences each linked to a different exogenous polynucleotide sequence.

The plant cell transformed with the construct including a plurality of different exogenous polynucleotides, can be regenerated into a mature plant, using the methods described hereinabove.

Alternatively, expressing a plurality of exogenous polynucleotides in a single host plant can be effected by introducing different nucleic acid constructs, including different exogenous polynucleotides, into a plurality of plants. The regenerated transformed plants can then be cross-bred and resultant progeny selected for superior abiotic stress tolerance, water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, growth, biomass, yield and/or vigor traits, using conventional plant breeding techniques.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprising growing the plant expressing the exogenous polynucleotide under the abiotic stress.

Non-limiting examples of abiotic stress conditions include, salinity, drought, water deprivation, excess of water (e.g., flood, waterlogging), etiolation, low temperature, high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, nutrient excess, atmospheric pollution and UV irradiation.

Thus, the invention encompasses plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotide(s), the nucleic acid constructs and/or polypeptide(s) of the invention. Once expressed within the plant cell or the entire plant, the level of the polypeptide encoded by the exogenous polynucleotide can be determined by methods well known in the art such as, activity assays, Western blots using antibodies capable of specifically binding the polypeptide, Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), radio-immuno-assays (RIA), immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence and the like.

Methods of determining the level in the plant of the RNA transcribed from the exogenous polynucleotide are well known in the art and include, for example, Northern blot analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis (including quantitative, semi-quantitative or real-time RT-PCR) and RNA-in situ hybridization.

In addition, the endogenous homolog of the exogenous polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention, or a fragment of the endogenous homolog (e.g. introns or untranslated regions) in the plant can be used as a marker for marker assisted selection (MAS), in which a marker is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant or determinants of a trait of interest (e.g., biomass, growth rate, oil content, yield, abiotic stress tolerance). These genes (DNA or RNA sequence) may contain or be linked to polymorphic sites or genetic markers on the genome such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), DNA fingerprinting (DFP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), expression level polymorphism, polymorphism of the encoded polypeptide and any other polymorphism at the DNA or RNA sequence.

Examples of marker assisted selections include, but are not limited to, selection for a morphological trait (e.g., a gene that affects form, coloration, male sterility or resistance such as the presence or absence of awn, leaf sheath coloration, height, grain color, aroma of rice); selection for a biochemical trait (e.g., a gene that encodes a protein that can be extracted and observed; for example, isozymes and storage proteins); selection for a biological trait (e.g., pathogen races or insect biotypes based on host pathogen or host parasite interaction can be used as a marker since the genetic constitution of an organism can affect its susceptibility to pathogens or parasites).

The polynucleotides and polypeptides described hereinabove can be used in a wide range of economical plants, in a safe and cost effective manner.

Plant lines exogenously expressing the polynucleotide or the polypeptide of the invention are screened to identify those that show the greatest increase of the desired plant trait.

Following is a non-limiting description of assays which can be used to determine the effect of the transgene (the exogenous polynucleotide of some embodiments of the invention) or is encoded polypeptide on the trait-of-interest in a plant.

The main parameters of efficiency used to define plant Nitrogen (N) metabolism include nitrogen-uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and nitrogen-use efficiency

The Nitrogen-uptake efficiency [the amount of N in above ground biomass (grams of nitrogen)/N applied (grams/hectare)] is the total amount of nitrogen incorporated by the plant and is a function of the “uptake” (the plant's transport capacity), the metabolic efficiency of the assimilation process and the rate of plant size development, since the mass of stalk and leaves created during growth are the actual Nitrogen-storage organs. The fraction of the assimilated Nitrogen found in a shoot that is ultimately transferred to the grain (yield) is controlled enzymatically, and thus can be affected by transgenic manipulation. This parameter is, in effect, equal to the Nitrogen Use efficiency (NUE). Better grain-to-shoot N-partitioning most likely will improve yield and protein content of the grain.

Similarly, the same calculations of use and utilization efficiencies can be made for other macronutrients such as Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K), which have a direct correlation with yield and general plant tolerance.

Fertilizer Use Efficiency

To analyze whether the transgenic plants are more responsive to fertilizers, plants are grown in agar plates or pots with a limited amount of fertilizer, as described, for example, in Examples 5-7 of the Example section which follows and in Yanagisawa et al (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101:7833-8). The plants are analyzed for their overall size, time to flowering, yield, protein content of shoot and/or grain. The parameters checked are the overall size of the mature plant, its wet and dry weight, the weight of the seeds yielded, the average seed size and the number of seeds produced per plant. Other parameters that may be tested are: the chlorophyll content of leaves (as nitrogen plant status and the degree of leaf verdure is highly correlated), amino acid and the total protein content of the seeds or other plant parts such as leaves or shoots, oil content, etc. Similarly, instead of providing nitrogen at limiting amounts, phosphate or potassium can be added at increasing concentrations. Again, the same parameters measured are the same as listed above. In this way, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), phosphate use efficiency (PUE) and potassium use efficiency (KUE) are assessed, checking the ability of the transgenic plants to thrive under nutrient restraining conditions.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

To analyze whether the transgenic Arabidopsis plants are more responsive to nitrogen, plant are grown in 0.75-1.5 mM (nitrogen deficient conditions) or 6-15 mM (optimal nitrogen concentration). Plants are allowed to grow for additional 20-40 days or until seed production. The plants are then analyzed for their overall size, time to flowering, yield, protein content of shoot and/or grain/seed production. The parameters checked can be the overall size of the plant, wet and dry weight, the weight of the seeds yielded, the average seed size and the number of seeds produced per plant. Other parameters that may be tested are: the chlorophyll content of leaves (as nitrogen plant status and the degree of leaf greenness is highly correlated), amino acid and the total protein content of the seeds or other plant parts such as leaves or shoots and oil content. Transformed plants not exhibiting substantial physiological and/or morphological effects, or exhibiting higher measured parameters levels than wild-type plants, are identified as nitrogen use efficient plants.

Nitrogen Determination

The procedure for N (nitrogen) concentration determination in the structural parts of the plants involves the potassium persulfate digestion method to convert organic N to NO₃ ⁻ (Purcell and King 1996 Argon. J. 88:111-113, the modified Cd⁻ mediated reduction of NO₃ ⁻ to NO₂ ⁻ (Vodovotz 1996 Biotechniques 20:390-394) and the measurement of nitrite by the Griess assay (Vodovotz 1996, supra). The absorbance values are measured at 550 nm against a standard curve of NaNO₂. The procedure is described in details in Samonte et al. 2006 Agron. J. 98:168-176.

Germination Tests

Germination tests compare the percentage of seeds from transgenic plants that could complete the germination process to the percentage of seeds from control plants that are treated in the same manner. Normal conditions are considered for example, incubations at 22° C. under 22-hour light 2-hour dark daily cycles. Evaluation of germination and seedling vigor is conducted between 4 and 14 days after planting. The basal media is 50% MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962 Plant Physiology 15, 473-497).

Germination is checked also at unfavorable conditions such as cold (incubating at temperatures lower than 10° C. instead of 22° C.) or using seed inhibition solutions that contain high concentrations of an osmolyte such as sorbitol (at concentrations of 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM, and up to 1000 mM) or applying increasing concentrations of salt (of 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM NaCl).

The effect of the transgene on plant's vigor, growth rate, biomass, yield and/or oil content can be determined using known methods.

Plant Vigor

The plant vigor can be calculated by the increase in growth parameters such as leaf area, fiber length, rosette diameter, plant fresh weight and the like per time.

Growth Rate

The growth rate can be measured using digital analysis of growing plants. For example, images of plants growing in greenhouse on plot basis can be captured every 3 days and the rosette area can be calculated by digital analysis. Rosette area growth is calculated using the difference of rosette area between days of sampling divided by the difference in days between samples.

Evaluation of growth rate can be done by measuring plant biomass produced, rosette area, leaf size or root length per time (can be measured in cm² per day of leaf area).

Relative growth area can be calculated using Formula I. Relative growth area rate=(Δ Area/Δt)*(1/Area t ₀)  Formula I:

Δt is the current analyzed image day subtracted from the initial day (t−t0). Thus, the relative growth area rate is in units of 1/day and length growth rate is in units of 1/day.

Alternatively, the relative growth rate of the area can be calculated as the regression coefficient along time course.

Seed Yield

Evaluation of the seed yield per plant can be done by measuring the amount (weight or size) or quantity (i.e., number) of dry seeds produced and harvested from 8-16 plants and divided by the number of plants.

For example, the total seeds from 8-16 plants can be collected, weighted using e.g., an analytical balance and the total weight can be divided by the number of plants. Seed yield per growing area can be calculated in the same manner while taking into account the growing area given to a single plant. Increase seed yield per growing area could be achieved by increasing seed yield per plant, and/or by increasing number of plants capable of growing in a given area.

In addition, seed yield can be determined via the weight of 1000 seeds. The weight of 1000 seeds can be determined as follows: seeds are scattered on a glass tray and a picture is taken. Each sample is weighted and then using the digital analysis, the number of seeds in each sample is calculated.

The 1000 seeds weight can be calculated using formula II: 1000 Seed Weight=number of seed in sample/sample weight×1000  Formula II:

The Harvest Index can be calculated using Formula III Harvest Index=Average seed yield per plant/Average dry weight  Formula III:

Grain Protein Concentration

Grain protein content (grams grain protein m⁻²) is estimated as the product of the mass of grain N (nitrogen) [grams grain Nitrogen m⁻²] multiplied by the N/protein conversion ratio of k-5.13 (Mosse 1990, supra). The grain protein concentration is estimated as the ratio of grain protein content per unit mass of the grain (grams grain protein kg⁻¹ grain).

Fiber Length

Fiber length can be measured using fibrograph. The fibrograph system was used to compute length in terms of “Upper Half Mean” length. The upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution. The fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc (dot) com/ClassificationofCotton/?Pg=4#Length).

Oil Content

The oil content of a plant can be determined by extraction of the oil from the seed or the vegetative portion of the plant. Briefly, lipids (oil) can be removed from the plant (e.g., seed) by grinding the plant tissue in the presence of specific solvents (e.g., hexane or petroleum ether) and extracting the oil in a continuous extractor. Indirect oil content analysis can be carried out using various known methods such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, which measures the resonance energy absorbed by hydrogen atoms in the liquid state of the sample [See for example, Conway T F. and Earle F R., 1963, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, ISSN: 0003-021X (Print) 1558-9331 (Online)]; the Near Infrared (NI) Spectroscopy, which utilizes the absorption of near infrared energy (1100-2500 nm) by the sample; and a method described in WO/2001/023884, which is based on extracting oil a solvent, evaporating the solvent in a gas stream which forms oil particles, and directing a light into the gas stream and oil particles which forms a detectable reflected light.

The effect of the transgene or its encoded polypeptide on abiotic stress tolerance can be determined using known methods.

Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Transformed (i.e., expressing the transgene) and non-transformed (wild type) plants are exposed to an abiotic stress condition, such as water deprivation, suboptimal temperature (low temperature, high temperature), nutrient deficiency, nutrient excess, a salt stress condition, osmotic stress, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, atmospheric pollution and UV irradiation.

Salinity Tolerance Assay

Transgenic plants with tolerance to high salt concentrations are expected to exhibit better germination, seedling vigor or growth in high salt. Salt stress can be effected in many ways such as, for example, by irrigating the plants with a hyperosmotic solution, by cultivating the plants hydroponically in a hyperosmotic growth solution (e.g., Hoagland solution), or by culturing the plants in a hyperosmotic growth medium [e.g., 50% Murashige-Skoog medium (MS medium)]. Since different plants vary considerably in their tolerance to salinity, the salt concentration in the irrigation water, growth solution, or growth medium can be adjusted according to the specific characteristics of the specific plant cultivar or variety, so as to inflict a mild or moderate effect on the physiology and/or morphology of the plants (for guidelines as to appropriate concentration see, Bernstein and Kafkafi, Root Growth Under Salinity Stress In: Plant Roots, The Hidden Half 3rd ed. Waisel Y, Eshel A and Kafkafi U. (editors) Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2002, and reference therein).

For example, a salinity tolerance test can be performed by irrigating plants at different developmental stages with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride (for example 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM, 400 mM NaCl) applied from the bottom and from above to ensure even dispersal of salt. Following exposure to the stress condition the plants are frequently monitored until substantial physiological and/or morphological effects appear in wild type plants. Thus, the external phenotypic appearance, degree of wilting and overall success to reach maturity and yield progeny are compared between control and transgenic plants. Quantitative parameters of tolerance measured include, but are not limited to, the average wet and dry weight, the weight of the seeds yielded, the average seed size and the number of seeds produced per plant. Transformed plants not exhibiting substantial physiological and/or morphological effects, or exhibiting higher biomass than wild-type plants, are identified as abiotic stress tolerant plants.

Osmotic Tolerance Test

Osmotic stress assays (including sodium chloride and mannitol assays) are conducted to determine if an osmotic stress phenotype was sodium chloride-specific or if it was a general osmotic stress related phenotype. Plants which are tolerant to osmotic stress may have more tolerance to drought and/or freezing. For salt and osmotic stress germination experiments, the medium is supplemented for example with 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM NaCl or 100 mM, 200 mM NaCl, 400 mM mannitol, 500 mM sorbitol or 15 g (grams) PEG [Polyethylene Glycol 8000].

Drought Tolerance Assay/Osmoticum Assay

Tolerance to drought is performed to identify the genes conferring better plant survival after acute water deprivation. To analyze whether the transgenic plants are more tolerant to drought, an osmotic stress produced by the non-ionic osmolyte sorbitol in the medium can be performed. Control and transgenic plants are germinated and grown in plant-agar plates for 4 days, after which they are transferred to plates containing 500 mM sorbitol. The treatment causes growth retardation, then both control and transgenic plants are compared, by measuring plant weight (wet and dry), yield, and by growth rates measured as time to flowering.

Conversely, soil-based drought screens are performed with plants overexpressing the polynucleotides detailed above. Seeds from control Arabidopsis plants, or other transgenic plants overexpressing the polypeptide of the invention are germinated and transferred to pots. Drought stress is obtained after irrigation is ceased accompanied by placing the pots on absorbent paper to enhance the soil-drying rate. Transgenic and control plants are compared to each other when the majority of the control plants develop severe wilting. Plants are re-watered after obtaining a significant fraction of the control plants displaying a severe wilting. Plants are ranked comparing to controls for each of two criteria: tolerance to the drought conditions and recovery (survival) following re-watering.

Cold Stress Tolerance

To analyze cold stress, mature (25 day old) plants are transferred to 4° C. chambers for 1 or 2 weeks, with constitutive light. Later on plants are moved back to greenhouse. Two weeks later damages from chilling period, resulting in growth retardation and other phenotypes, are compared between both control and transgenic plants, by measuring plant weight (wet and dry), and by comparing growth rates measured as time to flowering, plant size, yield, and the like.

Heat Stress Tolerance

Heat stress tolerance is achieved by exposing the plants to temperatures above 34° C. for a certain period. Plant tolerance is examined after transferring the plants back to 22° C. for recovery and evaluation after 5 days relative to internal controls (non-transgenic plants) or plants not exposed to neither cold or heat stress.

Water Use Efficiency

can be determined as the biomass produced per unit transpiration. To analyze WUE, leaf relative water content can be measured in control and transgenic plants. Fresh weight (FW) is immediately recorded; then leaves are soaked for 8 hours in distilled water at room temperature in the dark, and the turgid weight (TW) is recorded. Total dry weight (DW) is recorded after drying the leaves at 60° C. to a constant weight. Relative water content (RWC) is calculated according to the following Formula IV: RWC=[(FW−DW)/(TW−DW)]×100  Formula IV

Thus, the invention is of high agricultural value for promoting the yield of commercially desired crops (e.g., biomass of vegetative organ such as poplar wood, or reproductive organ such as number of seeds or seed biomass) under normal or growth-limiting conditions (e.g., nitrogen-deficient conditions, abiotic stress).

Any of the transgenic plants described hereinabove or parts thereof may be processed to produce a feed, meal, protein or oil preparation, such as for ruminant animals.

The transgenic plants described hereinabove, which exhibit an increased oil content can be used to produce plant oil (by extracting the oil from the plant).

The plant oil (including the seed oil and/or the vegetative portion oil) produced according to the method of the invention may be combined with a variety of other ingredients. The specific ingredients included in a product are determined according to the intended use. Exemplary products include animal feed, raw material for chemical modification, biodegradable plastic, blended food product, edible oil, biofuel, cooking oil, lubricant, biodiesel, snack food, cosmetics, and fermentation process raw material. Exemplary products to be incorporated to the plant oil include animal feeds, human food products such as extruded snack foods, breads, as a food binding agent, aquaculture feeds, fermentable mixtures, food supplements, sport drinks, nutritional food bars, multi-vitamin supplements, diet drinks, and cereal foods.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the oil comprises a seed oil and/or a vegetative portion oil.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plant cell forms a part of a plant.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”.

The term “consisting of” means “including and limited to”.

The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.

As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non limiting fashion.

Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., “Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), “Basic and Clinical Immunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology”, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521; “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985); “Transcription and Translation” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1984); “Animal Cell Culture” Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); “Immobilized Cells and Enzymes” IRL Press, (1986); “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning” Perbal, B., (1984) and “Methods in Enzymology” Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; “PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications”, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990); Marshak et al., “Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization—A Laboratory Course Manual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader.

All the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.

Example 1 Identifying Genes which Increase Nitroge Use Efficiency, Fertilizer Use Efficiency, Yield, Oil Content, Biomass and/or Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Genes which can increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), yield, oil content, biomass and/or abiotic stress tolerance (ABST) were identified using several data mining and bioinformatics tools.

All nucleotide sequence datasets used here were originated from publicly available databases. Sequence data from 76 different plant species was introduced into a single, comprehensive database. Other information on gene expression, protein annotation, enzymes and pathways were also incorporated. Major databases used include:

Genomes

-   -   Arabidopsis genome [TAIR genome version 6 (Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) arabidopsis (dot) org/)]     -   Rice genome [IRGSP build 4.0 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://rgp         (dot) dna (dot) affrc (dot) go (dot) jp/IRGSP/)].     -   Poplar [Populus trichocarpa release 1.1 from JGI (assembly         release v1.0) (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web         (dot) genome (dot) jgi-psf (dot) org/)]     -   Brachypodium [JGI 4× assembly, Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) brachpodium (dot) org)]     -   Soybean [DOE-JGI SCP, version Glyma0 (Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) phytozome (dot) net/)]     -   Grape [French-Italian Public Consortium for Grapevine Genome         Characterization grapevine genome (Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) genoscope (dot) cns (dot) fr/)]     -   Castobean [TIGR/J Craig Venter Institute 4× assembly [(Hypertext         Transfer Protocol://msc (dot) jcvi (dot) org/r_communis]     -   Sorghum [DOE-JGI SCP, version Sbi1 [Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) phytozome (dot) net/(].     -   Partially assembled genome of Maize [Hypertext Transfer         Protocol://maizesequence (dot) org/]

Expressed EST and mRNA Sequences were Extracted from the Following Databases:

-   -   GenBank (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi         (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/Genbank/).     -   RefSeq (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi         (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/RefSeq/).     -   TAIR (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot)         arabidopsis (dot) org/).

Protein and Pathway Databases

-   -   Uniprot (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot)         expasy (dot) uniprot (dot) org/).     -   AraCyc (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot)         arabidopsis (dot) org/biocyc/index (dot) jsp).     -   ENZYME (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://expasy (dot) org/enzyme/).     -   Microarray Datasets were Downloaded from:     -   GEO (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi         (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/geo/)     -   TAIR (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot)         arabidopsis (dot) org/).     -   Proprietary cotton fiber microarray data (PCT Publication No.         WO2008/075364)     -   Proprietary microarray data on Arabidopsis ecotypes (PCT         Publication No. WO2008/122980).

QTL (Quantitative Trailt Locus) Information

-   -   Gramene (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot)         gramene (dot) org/qtl/).

Database assembly was performed to enable to build a wide, rich, reliable annotated and easy to analyze database comprised of publicly available genomic mRNA, and ESTs DNA sequences, data from various crops as well as gene expression, protein annotation and pathway data QTLs, and other relevant information.

Database assembly is comprised of a toolbox of gene refining, structuring, annotation and analysis tools enabling to construct a tailored database for each gene discovery project. Gene refining and structuring tools enable to reliably detect splice variants and antisense transcripts, generating understanding of various potential phenotypic outcomes of a single gene. The capabilities of the “LEADS” platform of Compugen LTD for analyzing human genome have been confirmed and accepted by the scientific community [see e.g., “Widespread Antisense Transcription”, Yelin, et al. (2003) Nature Biotechnology 21, 379-85; “Splicing of Alu Sequences”, Lev-Maor, et al. (2003) Science 300 (5623), 1288-91; “Computational analysis of alternative splicing using EST tissue information”, Xie H et al. Genomics 2002], and have been proven most efficient in plant genomics as well.

EST Clustering and Gene Assembly

For clustering and assembly Arabidopsis, rice, grape, sorghum, brachypodium and soybean genes the present inventors used “genomic LEADS” version. This tool allows most accurate clustering of ESTs and mRNA sequences on genome, and predicts gene structure as well as alternative splicing events and anti-sense transcription.

Gene Annotation

Predicted genes and proteins were annotated as follows:

Sequences blast search [Hypertext Transfer Protocol://blast (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/Blast (dot) cgi] against all plant UniProt [Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) uniprot (dot) org/] was performed. Open reading frames of each putative transcript were analyzed and longest ORF with higher number of homologues was selected as predicted protein of the transcript. The predicted proteins were analyzed by InterPro [Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ebi (dot) ac (dot) uk/interpro/].

Blast against proteins from AraCyc and ENZYME databases was used to map the predicted transcripts to AraCyc pathways.

Predicted proteins from different species were compared using blast algorithm [Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/Blast (dot) cgi] to validate the accuracy of the predicted protein sequence, and for efficient detection of orthologs.

Gene Expression Profiling

Few data sources were exploited for gene expression profiling, namely microarray data and digital expression profile (as mentioned above). According to gene expression profile, a correlation analysis was performed to identify genes which are co-regulated under different developmental stages and environmental conditions.

Publicly available microarray datasets were downloaded from NCBI GEO sites, renormalized, and integrated into the database. Expression profile was one of the most important resource data for identifying genes important for NUE, ABST, yield, biomass increment and/or FUE. Moreover, when homolog genes from different crops were found to be associated with increase of NUE, ABST, FUE, biomass, yield or oil content, the genes were marked as “highly predictive” to improve the trait.

A digital expression profile summary was compiled for each cluster according to all keywords included in the sequence records comprising the cluster. Digital expression, also known as electronic Northern Blot, is a tool that displays virtual expression profile based on the EST sequences forming the gene cluster. The tool can provide the expression profile of a cluster in terms of plant anatomy (e.g. tissues/organs in which the gene is expressed), developmental stage (the developmental stages at which a gene can be found) and profile of treatment (provides the physiological conditions under which a gene is expressed such as drought, cold, pathogen infection, etc). Given a random distribution of ESTs in the different clusters, the digital expression provides a probability value that describes the probability of a cluster having a total of N ESTs to contain X ESTs from a certain collection of libraries. For the probability calculations the following parameters were taken into consideration: a) the number of ESTs in the cluster; b) the number of ESTs of the implicated and related libraries; and c) the overall number of ESTs available, representing the species. Thereby clusters with low probability values are highly enriched with ESTs from the group of libraries of interest indicating a specialized expression.

The results of the digital and microarray gene expression data are provided in Tables 1-19, hereinbelow.

Below are summarized the key criteria used to select the genes which expression thereof in a plant can be used to increase NUE, FUE, biomass, yield, oil content and ABST. The overexpression Fold (“Fold”) is calculated as the ratio between the number of ESTs found in a gene or an orthologue group for a certain category (“Keyword”) and the number of expected ESTs according to a normal distribution. A probabilistic value (P-value) was estimated for the calculated overexpression folds. Genes were selected based on the results presented in Tables 1-19 below and other computational filtering combined with manual curation as detailed below.

NUE242, NUE244, NUE234, NUE239, NUE240, NUE514, NUE523, NUE533, NUE538, NUE548, NUE549, NUE241, NUE235, NUE251, NUE587 and NUE582 were selected since they are highly expressed in roots and under nutrient deficient conditions (as shown in Tables 1 and 2, hereinbelow).

TABLE 1 Digital expression of NUE242, NUE244, NUE234, NUE239, NUE240, NUE514, NUE523, NUE533, NUE538, NUE548, NUE549, NUE241, NUE235, NUE251, NUE587 and NUE582 in different tissues Anatomy germinating seed root seedling shoot Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE242 10.57 2.68E−12 1.00 5.47E−01 NUE244 1.00 4.48E−02 3.00 1.06E−03 1.40 1.67E−01 2.00 2.03E−01 NUE234 6.89 1.80E−24 NUE239 7.26 1.87E−21 NUE240 12.70 4.65E−40 NUE514 1.97 2.69E−01 2.95 7.95E−60 0.78 1 0.39 9.99E−01 NUE523 2.15 1.17E−05 1.11 4.45E−01 1.33 1.31E−01 NUE533 2.96 5.39E−04 0.76 8.43E−01 NUE538 3.47 1.05E−06 0.96 6.20E−01 NUE548 1.72 1.06E−02 0.65 8.48E−01 0.60 9.41E−01 NUE549 1.51 7.86E−06 2.52 7.38E−13 0.19 1 NUE241 3.32 7.66E−03 1.00 4.05E−01 0.88 6.88E−01 NUE235 1.00 2.95E−02 4.94 1.12E−06 0.48 9.46E−01 NUE251 2.72 3.33E−05 NUE587 2.39 2.20E−02 2.56 1.10E−01 NUE582 2.00 6.00E−08 1.19 2.80E−01 1.89 7.60E−06 Table 1. Digital expression of the indicated genes in germinating seed, root, seedling and shoots. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 2 Digital expression of NUE242, NUE244, NUE234, NUE239, NUE240, NUE514, NUE523, NUE533, NUE538, NUE548, NUE549, NUE241, NUE235, NUE251, NUE587 and NUE582 under different growth conditions Treatment nutrient drought etiolation heat stress deficiencies waterlogging Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE242 1.00 4.69E−02 5.00 8.06E−06 NUE244 4.00 1.40E−02 7.00 2.93E−06 1.00 1.50E−01 NUE234 3.00 2.51E−03 2.93 1.71E−02 NUE239 8.00 5.17E−11 17.36 2.11E−27 NUE240 4.00 1.44E−05 26.09 6.02E−35 NUE514 0.14 1 0.49 9.96E−01 1.16 5.14E−01 5.75 1.26E−38 3.54 1.95E−04 NUE523 1.53 1.07E−01 4.35 5.73E−04 1.94 2.76E−01 NUE533 1.00 6.19E−01 4.00 3.57E−03 NUE538 1.69 2.10E−01 7.00 2.32E−06 5.00 2.30E−05 NUE548 0.76 7.80E−01 9.60 1.24E−09 NUE549 1.91 8.07E−07 4.08 6.20E−12 9.58 8.54E−30 NUE241 3.00 8.97E−03 NUE235 2.00 1.50E−01 6.00 2.61E−06 NUE251 1.89 9.79E−02 3.00 4.85E−02 8.00 2.04E−08 NUE587 4.50 1.73E−03 3.00 4.71E−03 NUE582 0.63 9.51E−01 3.20 4.00E−02 0.97 6.10E−01 Table 2. Digital expression of the indicated genes under drought, etiolation, heat stress, nutrient deficiencies and waterlogging. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE229, NUE248, NUE254, NUE542, NUE562, NUE237, NUE221, NUE585 and NUE588 were selected because of their high expression in roots and under drought stress conditions (as shown in Tables 3 and 4, below).

TABLE 3 Digital expression of NUE229, NUE248, NUE254, NUE542, NUE562, NUE237, NUE221, NUE585 and NUE588 in different tissues Anatomy leaf seed root seedling shoot Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE229 4.64 2.79E−04 NUE248 1.19 5.06E−01 3.56 6.36E−03 NUE254 2.26 1.35E−02 7.90 5.32E−22 0.33 9.53E−01 1.55 1.46E−01 NUE542 4.22 9.75E−04 NUE562 2.75 2.40E−02 3.32 3.79E−08 0.71 9.32E−01 0.62 9.66E−01 NUE237 0.50 9.00E−01 5.35 5.22E−11 1.21 2.97E−01 0.50 9.67E−01 NUE221 4.15 2.33E−04 0.63 8.74E−01 1.41 2.48E−01 NUE585 2.00 1.20E−01 6.00 1.34E−04 NUE588 0.99 6.00E−01 2.56 7.16E−05 0.65 9.64E−01 1.30 1.29E−01 Table 3. Digital expression of the indicated genes in leaf, seed, root, seedling and shoots. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 4 Digital expression of NUE229, NUE248, NUE254, NUE542, NUE562, NUE237, NUE221 and NUE588 under different growth conditions Treatment cold drought etiolation salinity Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE229 4.00 6.53E−03 NUE248 4.00 6.02E−03 NUE254 3.13 1.29E−02 1.00 3.67E−01 NUE542 3.00 3.50E−02 6.00 1.61E−10 NUE562 0.70 0.760127 2.75 3.66E−02 0.98 0.57666 4.35 2.80E−03 NUE237 6.00 3.30E−04 NUE221 4.00 1.38E−03 1.60 0.28739 NUE585 2.00 5.13E−02 NUE588 2.10 0.173185 2.73 3.76E−02 1.39 0.185271 0.72 7.53E−01 Table 4. Digital expression of the indicated genes under cold, drought, etiolation and salinity. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE252 and MAB106, NUE265, NUE553, NUE513, NUE579, NUE580, NUE256, NUE227 and NUE223 were selected because of their high expression under etiolation growth conditions (as shown in Table 5).

TABLE 5 Digital expression of NUE252, MAB106, NUE265, NUE553, NUE513, NUE579, NUE580, NUE256, NUE227 and NUE223 under different growth conditions Treatment drought etiolation heat heavy metal Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE252 1.28 4.2E−01 5.67 2.0E−11 MAB106 0.49 8.7E−01 10.17 5.2E−71 NUE265 1.90 4.9E−02 4.00 2.6E−03 2.26 7.2E−02 NUE553 1.92 4.4E−02 NUE513 1.05 5.7E−01 3.75 1.5E−04 NUE579 0.27 9.8E−01 3.18 1.9E−05 NUE580 1.00 5.6E−01 3.16 3.8E−02 NUE256 1.84 5.9E−02 2.03 9.9E−03 3.43 4.7E−03 NUE227 4.74 3.4E−03 NUE223 1.40 4.19E−01  4.17 5.6E−09 Table 5. Digital expression of the indicated genes under drought, etiolation, heat and heavy metal. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the high expression of NUE252 and MAB106 under etiolation. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 6 Digital expression of NUE252, MAB106, NUE265, NUE553, NUE513, NUE579, NUE580, NUE256, NUE227 and NUE223 under different growth conditions Treatment salinity oxidative stress waterlogging Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE252 MAB106 NUE265 3.00 6.3E−02 NUE553 NUE513 NUE579 NUE580 NUE256 2.96 8.2E−02 NUE227 NUE223 2.85 8.91E−02  2.00 2.31E−02 Table 6. Digital expression of the indicated genes under salinity, oxidative stress and waterlogging. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE224, NUE230, NUE255, NUE245, NUE237, NUE233, NUE231, NUE228, NUE225 and NUE249 were selected because of their high expression in roots and expressed when treated with plant hormones intrinsically related to plant growth and development (as shown in Tables 7, 8 and 9).

TABLE 7 Digital expression of NUE224, NUE230, NUE255, NUE245, NUE237, NUE233, NUE231, NUE228, NUE225 and NUE249 in different tissues Anatomy leaf callus root seedling shoot Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE224 1.20 4.0E−01 0.49 9.9E−01 7.26 4.1E−30 1.64 8.4E−03 1.04 5.0E−01 NUE230 0.71 8.3E−01 1.35 1.4E−02 2.76 7.1E−09 0.59 1.0E+00 1.16 2.1E−01 NUE255 4.00 3.3E−03 NUE245 1.48 2.5E−01 0.32 1.0E+00 2.14 4.4E−03 1.03 4.8E−01 1.53 3.2E−02 NUE237 0.47 8.8E−01 1.39 1.0E−01 5.12 1.3E−10 1.14 3.7E−01 0.47 9.8E−01 NUE233 1.73 4.4E−02 4.19 9.9E−05 0.95 6.2E−01 1.28 3.3E−01 NUE231 0.75 7.8E−01 8.66 4.6E−10 0.30 9.7E−01 NUE228 0.17 1.0E+00 2.29 2.4E−12 4.75 3.2E−23 0.13 1.0E+00 NUE225 11.25 0 2.41 1.0E−14 0.10 1.0E+00 NUE249 5.78 4.17E−05  Table 7. Digital expression of the indicated genes in leaf, callus, root, seedling and shoot. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 8 Digital expression of NUE224, NUE230, NUE255, NUE245, NUE237, NUE233, NUE231, NUE228, NUE225 and NUE249 under different growth conditions and treatments Treatment plant development hormones drought etiolation Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE224 4.75 1.7E−06 1.51 1.4E−01 NUE230 2.74 2.1E−04 0.31 9.6E−01 NUE255 4.00 1.4E−04 NUE245 2.67 1.1E−02 1.28 4.6E−01 NUE237 4.26 5.9E−04 6.00 4.2E−04 NUE233 11.74 2.5E−10 NUE231 10.00 3.4E−10 NUE228 4.48 3.0E−09 NUE225 3.45 3.6E−07 NUE249 2.00 3.0E−02 Table 8. Digital expression of the indicated genes under plant development hormones, drought and etiolation. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 9 Digital expression of NUE224, NUE230, NUE255, NUE245, NUE237, NUE233, NUE231, NUE228, NUE225 and NUE249 under different growth treatments Treatment waterlogging photoperiod response salinity Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE224 NUE230 1.26 4.3E−01 NUE255 NUE245 2.00 2.7E−02 0.87 6.9E−01 NUE237 NUE233 NUE231 NUE228 NUE225 21.00 3.4E−26 28.53 5.6E−82 NUE249 2.00 4.0E−03 Table 9. Digital expression of the indicated genes under waterlogging, photoperiod response and salinity. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE268, NUE574 and NUE575 were selected because of their high expression in callus (a tissue with high cell division rate) and induced when treated with plant growth and development related hormones (as shown in Table 10, below).

TABLE 10 Digital expression of NUE268, NUE574 and NUE575 in various tissues and under different conditions and treatments NUE268 NUE574 NUE575 Anatomy leaf fold 0.84 1.24 p-value 0.8  4.8E−01 callus fold 2.37 2.28 2.47 p-value 6.0E−19 2.0E−04 2.5E−07 root fold 0.41 0.31 1.20 p-value 1   9.7E−01 3.8E−01 seedling fold 0.34 1.23 0.45 p-value 1   3.1E−01 9.9E−01 shoot fold 0.59 0.16 0.91 p-value 9.9E−01 1.0E+00 6.6E−01 Treatment plant fold 4.46 2.80 1.84 development p-value 1.4E−12 5.5E−02 1.7E−01 hormones drought fold 2.00 p-value 1.7E−01 etiolation fold 0.20 0.35 0.23 p-value 1.0E+00 9.5E−01 9.9E−01 waterlogging fold p-value photoperiod fold 3.32 response p-value 3.4E−02 salinity fold 1.00 p-value 4.3E−01 Table 10. Digital expression of the indicated genes in various tissues (leaf, callus, root, seedling and shoot) and under various treatment or conditions (plant development hormones, drought, etiolation, waterlogging, photoperiod response and salinity. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the significant fold expression in callus and under plant development hormones.

CT75, CT7, CT76, CT71, CT74, CT11, CT20, CT81, CT22, CT82, CT3, CT40, CT1, CT6, CT27, CT2, NUE269, NUE545 and NUE544, were selected based on their high expression in cotton fiber, which formation is strongly related to cell elongation (Tables 11 and 12 below) and therefore are expected to have a positive effect on root development under normal conditions, nitrogen deficient conditions, fertilizer shortage and/or water deficiencies conditions as well as for increasing oil content.

TABLE 11 Digital expression of CT75, CT7, CT76, CT71, CT74, CT11, CT20, CT81, CT22, CT82, CT3, CT40, CT1, CT6, CT27, CT2, NUE269, NUE545 and NUE544 in different tissues Anatomy cotton fiber fruit seed root Gene Name fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value CT75 1.63 9.3E−13 CT7 1.65 6.3E−16 CT76 1.21 1.9E−01 CT71 1.6 1.3E−28 CT74 1.68 2.4E−89 CT11 1.49 4.4E−04 CT20 1.68 1.1E−14 0.6 8.1E−01 CT81 1.37 9.8E−04 CT22 0.92 7.4E−01 CT82 1.31 3.6E−01 CT3 1.87 1.4E−14 CT40 1.27 1.9E−03 0.59 8.2E−01 CT1 1.53 2.4E−09 CT6 1.46 6.3E−09 CT27 0.65 9.0E−01 CT2 1.43 1.7E−03 NUE269 1.50 2.5E−02 NUE545 1.39 4.6E−03 1 4.5E−01 NUE544 1.73 1.5E−03 Table 11. Digital expression of the indicated genes in cotton fibers, fruit, seed and root. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the significant fold expression in cotton fiber. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 12 Digital expression of CT75, CT7, CT76, CT71, CT74, CT11, CT20, CT81, CT22, CT82, CT3, CT40, CT1, CT6, CT27, CT2, NUE269, NUE545 and NUE544 Anatomy seedling stem leaf Gene Name fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value CT75 CT7 0.08 1 0.44 9.0E−01 CT76 CT71 0.17 1 CT74 0.17 1 CT11 CT20 0.55 0.97 CT81 1.6 0.08 CT22 CT82 CT3 CT40 0.52 0.86 CT1 0.54 0.97 CT6 0.17 0.99 CT27 CT2 0.21 0.99 NUE269 NUE545 0.63 8.0E−01 NUE544 0.6 8.3E−01 Table 12. Digital expression of the indicated genes in seedling, stem and leaf. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

Plants growing under low nitrogen conditions or harsh drought conditions suffer from severe leaf senescence. NUE525, NUE535, NUE565, NUE578, NUE515 and NUE591 were selected as genes highly induced in leaves and under nutrient deficiencies of drought stress conditions (as shown in Tables 13 and 14, below). In addition, NUE578 shows strong induction in plants affected by heat stress.

TABLE 13 Digital expression of NUE525, NUE535, NUE565, NUE578, NUE515 and NUE591 in different tissues Anatomy Leaf Root Flower Callus Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE525 2.54 4.4E−06 0.93 6.6E−01 0.28 1.0E+00 NUE535 8.10 1.4E−11 NUE565 4.78 3.3E−03 NUE578 2.41 9.1E−04 0.20 1.0E+00 NUE515 3.67 2.2E−02 1.36 4.4E−01 1.00 3.7E−01 NUE591 3.41 1.3E−02 1.40 3.6E−01 1.59 2.9E−01 Table 13. Digital expression of the indicated genes in leaf, root, flower and callus. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression in leaf. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 14 Digital expression of NUE525, NUE535, NUE565, NUE578, NUE515 and NUE591 under different conditions Treatment Nutrient deficiency Drought Salinity Heat Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE525 3.19 1.2E−02 0.54 9.4E−01 1.29 4.6E−01 NUE535 4.06 6.7E−03 NUE565 3.00 2.3E−02 NUE578 4.25 2.7E−05 1.00 4.0E−01 8.05 3.8E−08 NUE515 3.00 2.6E−02 NUE591 7.00 2.7E−05 Table 14. Digital expression of the indicated genes under nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity and heat. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression under nutrient deficiency and drought. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE520, NUE521, NUE560, NUE563 and NUE573 were selected as genes that can improve seedling vigor under nitrogen stress conditions. NUE520, NUE521, NUE560 were selected as genes that are highly expressed in whole seedlings and are highly induced under drought stress. NUE563 was selected as a gene that is highly induced in seedling leaves and is induced under salinity stress. NUE573 is induced in seedling roots and under salinity stress (see Tables 15 and 16).

TABLE 15 Digital expression of NUE520, NUE521, NUE560, NUE563 and NUE573 in different tissues Anatomy Leaf Root Flower Seedling Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE520 1.80 8.0E−02 0.88 6.9E−01 1.34 1.4E−02 1.87 9.1E−05 NUE521 1.43 2.7E−01 1.06 4.4E−01 1.78 2.1E−02 NUE560 2.68 6.2E−02 0.66 8.2E−01 0.57 9.8E−01 3.67 1.2E−09 NUE563 5.07 6.7E−05 0.28 9.8E−01 0.14 1.0E+00 5.30 4.7E−24 NUE573 0.17 1.0E+00 8.59 3.2E−47 2.00 3.0E−03 Table 15. Digital expression of the indicated genes in leaf, root, flower and seedling. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression in leaf (NUE563), root (NUE573) and seedling (NUE520, NUE521, NUE560, NUE563 and NUE573). Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

TABLE 16 Digital expression of NUE520, NUE521, NUE560, NUE563 and NUE573 under different conditions Treatment Nutrient deficiencies Drought Heat Salinity Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE520 3.96 1.1E−03 8.00 5.5E−06 2.60 6.9E−02 NUE521 6.00 1.3E−04 1.00 4.5E−01 NUE560 5.00 5.9E−04 NUE563 3.00 2.4E−02 NUE573 1.73 1.3E−01 2.00 5.4E−02 Table 16. Digital expression of the indicated genes under nutrient deficiency, drought, heat and salinity. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression under drought (NUE520, NUE521, NUE560) and salinity (NUE563 and NUE573). Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

Seedlings and cell culture are fast growing tissues. Furthermore, emerging root seedlings elongate very fast to reach available water and nitrogen at deeper soils. NUE520, NUE211, NUE564 and NUE567 were selected for their high expression in root seedlings and/or whole seedlings, while NUE519 was selected for its high expression in root seedlings and cell cultures (see Table 17).

TABLE 17 Digital expression of NUE520, NUE211, NUE564, NUE567, and NUE519 in different tissues NUE211 NUE564 NUE567 NUE519 Anatomy Leaf fold 1.76 3.39 p-value 2.0E−01 2.5E−03 Cell suspension fold 0.24 8.00 p-value 9.9E−01 8.4E−12 Root fold 1.91 3.50 6.11 3.21 p-value 4.6E−02 1.1E−03 6.9E−06 5.1E−05 Seedling fold 2.01   3.687807 p-value 1.2E−03 5.9E−03 Shoot fold 1.29 0.21 p-value 2.0E−01 1.0E+00 Table 17. Digital expression of the indicated genes in leaf, cell suspension, root, seedling and shoot. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression in root (NUE211, NUE564, NUE567 and NUE519) and seedling (NUE211 and NUE564). Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE528, NUE571, NUE531 and NUE590 are induced by cold stress. Cold stress reduces plant photosynthesis and produces similar effect to that observed in plants growing under nitrogen deficiency (see Table 18).

TABLE 18 Digital expression of NUE528, NUE571, NUE531 and NUE590 under different conditions Treatment Nutrient deficiencies Cold Heat Salinity Drought Genes fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value fold p-value NUE528 2.47 0.08 3.00 5.2E−04 NUE571 7.24 5.8E−09 NUE531 6.00 4.5E−04 NUE590 1.00 3.9E−02 1 2.9E−01 1 2.9E−01 Table 18. Digital expression of the indicated genes under nutrient deficiencies, cold, heat, salinity and drought. Provided are the fold increase and the calculated p-values. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was lower than 0.05. Note the fold expression under nutrient deficiencies (NUE528) and cold (NUE528, 571, 531 and 590). Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed or data is not available.

NUE206 was selected based on its digital expression analysis. It showed that NUE206 is highly expressed in roots (2.4 fold p<0.05) and indications of being induced by cold (2.2 fold p<0.08). NUE208 and NUE210 are tomato genes that are expressed in fruit and during fruit ripening, respectively. These stages are considered important for maintaining high cell turgor. NUE209 is a putative HB2 homeodomain protein highly expressed in flower buds. It was selected as a gene that belongs to an orthologue group of genes that are highly induced by plant developmental hormones such as auxins (5 fold p<0.002), and in tissues that maintain high cell turgor such as the fruit pulp (3 fold p<0.00098) and callus (2 fold p<0.0003). NUE246 was selected because of its high expression in fruit pericarp (3.7 fold p<0.01) and because it is highly induced by drought (4 fold, p<0.0013). NUE516 is a putative Pto kinase interactor selected for its induction under drought conditions (3.2 fold, p<0.03) and prior to flowering stage (2.0 fold p<0.02). NUE527 was chosen because of its expression in different nutrient deficiencies (3.7 fold p<0.002) being mainly expressed under phosphate deficiency (4 fold, p<0.006). NUE547, which is a Putative Ca(2+)-dependent nuclease, was selected as a gene induced in flowers during pre-anthesis stage (2.0 fold p<0.04). NUE551 is an uncharacterized protein that was classified and chosen as a gene that is induced in flowers (2.6 fold p<0.007) and is involved in plant carbon metabolism (GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolism). NUE554 was characterized as TBP-binding protein-like who is induced in shoots (1.8 fold p<8e-09) during blister and/or milking grain filling stage (3.4 fold p<1e-08). NUE583 is an uncharacterized protein highly expressed in flowers (2.5 fold p<0.006) and significantly induced by cytokinins (4.0 fold p<2e-05). NUE584 is an unknown protein highly induced in shoots and roots (6.0 fold p<8e-07) and overrepresented under nutrient deficiency conditions (6.0 fold p<1e-08) and drought (3.0 fold p<0.03). NUE592 is an unknown protein induced by phosphate deficiency (2.0 fold p<0.05) and by stress related hormones (6.1 fold p<2E-05)

Other NUE and MAB genes were selected based on their induced expression in different Microarrays experiments. The experiments selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/geo/) were abiotic stresses (drought, salinity) GSE6901, nitrogen deficiency GSE4409, cold GSE3326, rice atlas GSE6893, and auxin GSE3350. From TAIR (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) arabidopsis (dot) org/servlets/Search?type=expr&search_action=new_search) the experiments on salinity 1007966888, osmoticum 1007966835, cold 1007966553 and ABA application 1007964750 were chosen, and from Nascarrays (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://affymetrix (dot) arabidopsis (dot) info/narrays/experimentbrowse (dot) pl) an experiment on Nitrogen deficiency NASCARRAYS-136 was chosen. Furthermore, a Proprietary cotton fiber microarray data was used to detect the expression of the genes in cotton fiber or root specifically (PCT Publication No: WO 2008/075364)

Based on the analysis of the microarray experiments described above NUE222 was selected because it is highly expressed under nitrogen deficiency, salinity and because it is strongly induced by ABA (see Table 19, hereinbelow). NUE267 and NUE206 were selected as these genes are highly induced by salinity, cold and ABA. NUE212 is a cotton gene specifically expressed in roots. MAB52 was selected because it is induced by drought. MAB53 was selected because it is induced by nitrogen deficiency and it is a functional orthologue of MAB106. NUE566 and NUE568 were selected for their high expression in leaves when compared to their expression in roots). NUE570 was selected because it is highly overrepresented in EST's libraries of leaves (5 fold p<0.001) and is induced by salinity in the microarray experiment. NUE540 is expressed in roots and is related to root hair cell differentiation (GO:0048765). NUE539, NUE543, NUE576 and NUE577 were selected for being highly induced under nitrogen deficiency. NUE577 was also selected for being induced under salinity and cold stress. NUE569 was selected for being induced under salinity and osmoticum conditions. NUE586 was selected for being inducted when treated with the growth hormone auxin. NUE253 was selected as a highly expressed gene under nitrogen deficiency and salinity and NUE593 was selected as a highly expressed gene under salinity conditions

TABLE 19 Microarray expression analysis of NUE222, NUE267, NUE206, NUE212, MAB52, MAB53, NUE539, NUE543, NUE576, NUE566, NUE568, NUE569, NUE570, NUE572, NUE581, NUE540, NUE586, NUE577, NUE253 and NUE593 Fold Gene Fold Fold Fold Nitrogen Fold Fold Fold Fold Fold Name Salinity Drought Osmoticum Deficiency Cold ABA Roots Shoot Auxin NUE222 5.0 2.0 3.0 NUE267 3.0 4.4 3.5 NUE206 4.0 10.0 6.0 NUE212 12.0 MAB52 1.6 MAB53 1.9 NUE539 4.4 NUE543 2.1 NUE576 3.3 NUE566 2.3 NUE568 22.0 NUE569 1.5 1.6 NUE570 6.2 NUE572 1.2 2.1 NUE581 20.9 7.0 NUE540 2.0 NUE586 3.1 NUE577 2.1 1.9 4.4 NUE253 1.8 1.6 NUE593 2.0 Table 19: Microarray expression analysis of the indicated genes under salinity, drought, osmoticum, nitrogen deficiency, cold, ABA (abscisic acid) conditions and in roots, shoot and auxin. Blank cells indicate that either the gene is not expressed.

NUE49, NUE50 and NUE102 are variants of previously described genes that were originally selected for yield and NUE improvement (PCT Publication No. WO2007/049275)

Overall 137 genes were identified to have a major impact on nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield (e.g., seed yield, oil yield, grain quantity and/or quality), growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency when expression thereof is increased in plants. The identified genes, their curated polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, as well as their updated sequences according to GenBank database are summarized in Table 20, hereinbelow.

TABLE 20 Genes which affect nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency Polyn. Polyp. Gene Name Cluster Name Organism SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: CT1 cotton|gb164|AI725990 cotton 1 138 CT11 cotton|gb164|AI725968 cotton 2 139 CT2 cotton|gb164|AI727334 cotton 3 140 CT20 cotton|gb164|AI726497 cotton 4 141 CT22 cotton|gb164|BG440027 cotton 5 142 CT27 cotton|gb164|AF336280 cotton 6 143 CT3 cotton|gb164|AI725456 cotton 7 144 CT40 cotton|gb164|BE052317 cotton 8 145 CT6 cotton|gb164|AI726479 cotton 9 146 CT7 cotton|gb164|AI727027 cotton 10 147 CT71 cotton|gb164|AI725508 cotton 11 148 CT74 cotton|gb164|AI725950 cotton 12 149 CT75 cotton|gb164|AI726599 cotton 13 150 CT76 cotton|gb164|AI726155 cotton 14 151 CT81 cotton|gb164|AI726693 cotton 15 152 CT82 cotton|gb164|BQ402794 cotton 16 153 MAB106 barley|gb157.2|AL450627 barley 17 154 MAB52 rice|gb157.2|AU070543 rice 18 155 MAB53 rice|gb157.2|BI805919 rice 19 156 NUE102 maize|gb170|AI974922 maize 20 157 NUE206 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 arabidopsis 21 158 NUE208 tomato|gb164|BG124666 tomato 22 159 NUE209 tomato|gb164|BG134403 tomato 23 160 NUE210 tomato|gb157|TOMTRALTAB tomato 24 161 NUE211 rice|gb157.2|AU174544 rice 25 162 NUE212 cotton|gb164|CO081293 cotton 26 163 NUE221 rice|gb157.2|BI305241 rice 27 164 NUE222 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G31820 arabidopsis 28 165 NUE223 rice|gb157.2|AW069985 rice 29 166 NUE224 rice|gb157.2|AW155063 rice 30 167 NUE225 rice|gb157.2|BE039221 rice 31 168 NUE227 rice|gb157.2|AU056888 rice 32 169 NUE228 rice|gb157.2|AA753730 rice 33 170 NUE229 maize|gb164|AW455682 maize 34 171 NUE230 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 rice 35 172 NUE231 rice|gb157.2|AK108994 rice 36 173 NUE233 rice|gb157.2|CB640732 rice 37 174 NUE234 poplar|gb157.2|BU868634 poplar 38 175 NUE235 soybean|gb162|CA852963 soybean 39 176 NUE237 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 rice 40 177 NUE239 poplar|gb157.2|BU880014 poplar 41 178 NUE240 poplar|gb157.2|AJ407707 poplar 42 179 NUE241 tomato|gb164|BG129806 tomato 43 180 NUE242 tomato|gb164|BG791300 tomato 44 181 NUE244 soybean|gb162|CF808561 soybean 45 182 NUE245 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 rice 46 183 NUE246 grape|gb160|CF207859 grape 47 184 NUE248 maize|gb157|BG354535 maize 48 185 NUE249 rice|gb157.2|AU029933 rice 49 186 NUE250 rice|gb157.2|AK102239 rice 50 187 NUE251 sorghum|gb161. xeno|AI947781 sorghum 51 188 NUE252 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G58030 arabidopsis 52 189 NUE253 rice|gb157.2|AF145730 rice 53 190 NUE254 maize|gb164|AI600563 maize 54 191 NUE255 rice|gb157.2|CB000630 rice 55 192 NUE256 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 wheat 56 193 NUE265 rice|gb157.2|BE039218 rice 57 194 NUE267 arabidopsis|gb165|AT5G60680 arabidopsis 58 195 NUE268 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 rice 59 196 NUE269 cotton|gb164|AI730085 cotton 60 197 NUE49 maize|gb154|AW037179 maize 61 198 NUE50 maize|gb164|AW287760 maize 62 199 NUE511 maize|gb157|AW360667 maize 63 200 NUE512 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G23460 arabidopsis 64 201 NUE513 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 arabidopsis 65 202 NUE514 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR soybean 66 203 NUE515 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G44920 arabidopsis 67 204 NUE515 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G44920_P1 arabidopsis 67 266 NUE516 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 arabidopsis 68 205 NUE519 wheat|gb164|BE445396 wheat 69 206 NUE520 rice|gb157.2|BI305493 rice 70 207 NUE521 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 rice 71 208 NUE523 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439 sorghum 72 209 NUE525 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW052978 sorghum 73 210 NUE527 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 sorghum 74 211 NUE528 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 sorghum 75 212 NUE531 rice|gb157.2|BI805136 rice 76 213 NUE532 maize|gb164|AW054475 maize 77 214 NUE533 soybean|gb166|AW350050 soybean 78 215 NUE535 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE599042 sorghum 79 216 NUE536 maize|gb164|BQ279657 maize 80 217 NUE537 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 barley 81 218 NUE538 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 sorghum 82 219 NUE539 rice|gb157.2|AW155216 rice 83 220 NUE540 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G13980 arabidopsis 84 221 NUE542 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G46280 arabidopsis 85 222 NUE543 rice|gb157.2|AK063415 rice 86 223 NUE544 cotton|gb164|BQ412384 cotton 87 224 NUE545 cotton|gb164|AI055737 cotton 88 225 NUE547 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BI139559 sorghum 89 226 NUE548 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 sorghum 90 227 NUE549 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 sorghum 91 228 NUE550 canola|gb161|EE559843 canola 92 229 NUE551 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 barley 93 230 NUE553 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 barley 94 231 NUE554 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 sorghum 95 232 NUE560 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 rice 96 233 NUE562 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 rice 97 234 NUE563 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 rice 98 235 NUE564 maize|gb164|AI619269 maize 99 236 NUE565 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G15080 arabidopsis 100 237 NUE566 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G43700 arabidopsis 101 238 NUE567 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 arabidopsis 102 239 NUE568 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G78450 arabidopsis 103 240 NUE569 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G03890 arabidopsis 104 241 NUE570 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G43910 arabidopsis 105 242 NUE571 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G47530 arabidopsis 106 243 NUE572 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 arabidopsis 107 244 NUE573 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G15390 arabidopsis 108 245 NUE574 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 rice 109 246 NUE575 rice|gb157.2|AU068829 rice 110 247 NUE576 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 rice 111 248 NUE577 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G67800 arabidopsis 112 249 NUE578 wheat|gb164|BE401454 wheat 113 250 NUE579 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70850 arabidopsis 114 251 NUE580 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G35880 arabidopsis 115 252 NUE581 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G12845 arabidopsis 116 253 NUE582 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 sorghum 117 254 NUE583 rice|gb157.2|AU172665 rice 118 255 NUE584 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW923545 sorghum 119 256 NUE585 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 arabidopsis 120 257 NUE586 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G72320 arabidopsis 121 258 NUE587 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW672541 sorghum 122 259 NUE588 rice|gb157.2|AA750816 rice 123 260 NUE590 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 sorghum 124 261 NUE591 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE123399 sorghum 125 262 NUE592 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 sorghum 126 263 NUE593 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G04066 arabidopsis 127 264 CT82 cotton|gb164|BQ402794_T1 cotton 128 153 NUE102 maize|gb164|AI974922_T1 maize 129 265 NUE211 rice|gb157.2|AU174544_T1 rice 130 162 NUE212 cotton|gb164|CO081293_T1 cotton 131 163 NUE269 cotton|gb164|AI730085_T1 cotton 132 197 NUE519 wheat|gb164|BE445396_T1 wheat 133 206 NUE535 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE599042_T1 sorghum 134 267 NUE537 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408_T1 barley 135 218 NUE544 cotton|gb164|BQ412384_T1 cotton 136 268 NUE584 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923465_T1 sorghum 137 269 Table 20. Provided are polynucleotides (polyn.) and polypeptides (polyp.) which affect nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency of a plant.

Example 2 Identification of Homologues which Affect NUE, FUE, Yield, Growth Rate, Vigor, Biomass, Oil Content, ABST and WUE

The concepts of orthology and paralogy have been applied to functional characterizations and classifications on the scale of whole-genome comparisons. Orthologs and paralogs constitute two major types of homologs: The first evolved from a common ancestor by specialization, and the latter are related by duplication events. It is assumed that paralogs arising from ancient duplication events are likely to have diverged in function while true orthologs are more likely to retain identical function over evolutionary time.

To further investigate and identify putative ortholog genes of genes affecting nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield (e.g., seed yield, oil yield, biomass, grain quantity and/or quality), growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency (presented in Table 20, above) all sequences were aligned using the BLAST (/Basic Local Alignment Search Tool/). Sequences sufficiently similar were tentatively grouped. These putative orthologs were further organized under a Phylogram—a branching diagram (tree) assumed to be a representation of the evolutionary relationships among the biological taxa. Putative ortholog groups were analyzed as to their agreement with the phylogram and in cases of disagreements these ortholog groups were broken accordingly. Expression data was analyzed and the EST libraries were classified using a fixed vocabulary of custom terms such as developmental stages (e.g., genes showing similar expression profile through development with up regulation at specific stage, such as at the seed filling stage) and/or plant organ (e.g., genes showing similar expression profile across their organs with up regulation at specific organs such as root). The annotations from all the ESTs clustered to a gene were analyzed statistically by comparing their frequency in the cluster versus their abundance in the database, allowing the construction of a numeric and graphic expression profile of that gene, which is termed “digital expression”. The rationale of using these two complementary methods with methods of phenotypic association studies of QTLs, and phenotype expression correlation is based on the assumption that true orthologs are likely to retain identical function over evolutionary time. These methods provide different sets of indications on function similarities between two homologous genes, similarities in the sequence level—identical amino acids in the protein domains and similarity in expression profiles.

The search and identification of homologous genes involves the screening of sequence information available, for example, in public databases, which include but are not limited to the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ), Genbank, and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Nucleic Acid Sequence Database (EMBL) or versions thereof or the MIPS database. A number of different search algorithms have been developed, including but not limited to the suite of programs referred to as BLAST programs. There are five implementations of BLAST, three designed for nucleotide sequence queries (BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX) and two designed for protein sequence queries (BLASTP and TBLASTN) (Coulson, Trends in Biotechnology: 76-80, 1994; Birren et al., Genome Analysis, I: 543, 1997). Such methods involve alignment and comparison of sequences. The BLAST algorithm calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Other such software or algorithms are GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, 1970) to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps.

The homologous genes may belong to the same gene family. The analysis of a gene family may be carried out using sequence similarity analysis. To perform this analysis one may use standard programs for multiple alignments e.g. Clustal W. A neighbor-joining tree of the proteins homologous to the genes of some embodiments of the invention may be used to provide an overview of structural and ancestral relationships. Sequence identity may be calculated using an alignment program as described above. It is expected that other plants will carry a similar functional gene (orthologue) or a family of similar genes and those genes will provide the same preferred phenotype as the genes presented here. Advantageously, these family members may be useful in the methods of some embodiments of the invention. Example of other plants include, but not limited to, barley (Hordeum vulgare), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), maize (Zea mays), cotton (Gossypium), Oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Rice (Oryza sativa), Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Soybean (Glycine max), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum).

The above-mentioned analyses for sequence homology is preferably carried out on a full-length sequence, but may also be based on a comparison of certain regions such as conserved domains. The identification of such domains would also be well within the realm of the person skilled in the art and would involve, for example, a computer readable format of the nucleic acids of some embodiments of the invention, the use of alignment software programs and the use of publicly available information on protein domains, conserved motifs and boxes. This information is available in the PRODOM (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) biochem (dot) ucl (dot) ac (dot) uk/bsm/dbbrowser/protocol/prodomqry (dot) html), PIR (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://pir (dot) Georgetown (dot) edu/) or Pfam (Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) sanger (dot) ac (dot) uk/Software/Pfam/) database. Sequence analysis programs designed for motif searching may be used for identification of fragments, regions and conserved domains as mentioned above. Preferred computer programs include, but are not limited to, MEME, SIGNALSCAN, and GENESCAN.

A person skilled in the art may use the homologous sequences provided herein to find similar sequences in other species and other organisms. Homologues of a protein encompass, peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. To produce such homologues, amino acids of the protein may be replaced by other amino acids having similar properties (conservative changes, such as similar hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form or break a-helical structures or 3-sheet structures). Conservative substitution Tables are well known in the art [see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman and Company]. Homologues of a nucleic acid encompass nucleic acids having nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified nucleic acid in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified nucleic acid from which they are derived.

Table 21, hereinbelow, lists a summary of orthologous and homologous sequences of the polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 1-137) and polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 138-269) presented in Table 20, which were identified using BLAST (TBLASTN and BlastP programs) having at least 80% identity to the selected polypeptides and which are expected to posses the same role in NUE, ABST, FUE, WUE, biomass increment, growth rate increment, yield, vigor and/or oil content of plants.

TABLE 21 Homologues of the identified polynucleotides and polypeptides which affect nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency of a plant Homol- Polyn. Polyp. ogy to % SEQ ID SEQ SEQ ID Core cluster global Algo- NO: Cluster name Organism ID NO: name identity rithm 270 cacao|gb167|CU484898 cacao 1334 138 cotton|gb164|AI725990 88.2 blastp 271 cotton|gb164|AI726705 cotton 1335 138 cotton|gb164|AI725990 86.9 blastp 272 almond|gb157.2|AY947462 almond 1336 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 85.7 blastp 273 apple|gb157.3|CO415932 apple 1337 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 83.5 blastp 274 bean|gb167|CA902463 bean 1338 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 87.9 blastp 275 cacao|gb167|CU519200 cacao 1339 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 95.5 blastp 276 citrus|gb166|CK936045 citrus 1340 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 92.4 blastp 277 cotton|gb164|AI728519 cotton 1341 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 90.7 blastp 278 grape|gb160|AF373604 grape 1342 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 86.2 blastp 279 lotus|gb157.2|AY770405 lotus 1343 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 85.7 blastp 280 medicago|gb157.2|BI311053 medicago 1344 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 87.4 blastp 281 papaya|gb165|GFXEU141966X1 papaya 1345 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 90.1 blastp 282 poplar|gb170|BU882889 poplar 1346 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 87.6 blastp 283 poplar|gb170|CV256507 poplar 1347 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 83.9 blastp 284 prunus|gb167|AJ825116 prunus 1348 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 85.2 blastp 285 soybean|gb168|BE659913 soybean 1349 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 87.4 blastp 286 soybean|gb168|BE659915 soybean 1350 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 85.2 blastp 287 spurge|gb161|DV143720 spurge 1351 139 cotton|gb164|AI725968 84.75 tblastn 288 cotton|gb164|AI726482 cotton 1352 140 cotton|gb164|AI727334 98.1 blastp 289 cacao|gb167|CU473257 cacao 1353 141 cotton|gb164|AI726497 87.4 blastp 290 cotton|gb164|BF272326 cotton 1354 141 cotton|gb164|AI726497 83.3 blastp 291 cotton|gb164|AI729672 cotton 1355 144 cotton|gb164|AI725456 83.7 blastp 292 cotton|gb164|CB350460 cotton 1356 145 cotton|gb164|BE052317 87.8 blastp 293 cotton|gb164|DV437946 cotton 1357 145 cotton|gb164|BE052317 87.8 blastp 294 cotton|gb164|AI726435 cotton 1358 146 cotton|gb164|AI726479 95.1 blastp 295 cacao|gb167|CF972823 cacao 1359 148 cotton|gb164|AI725508 81.4 blastp 296 cotton|gb164|AI725520 cotton 1360 148 cotton|gb164|AI725508 81.8 blastp 297 cotton|gb164|BE054381 cotton 1361 148 cotton|gb164|AI725508 85.4 blastp 298 cotton|gb164|AI726610 cotton 1362 149 cotton|gb164|AI725950 86.8 blastp 299 cotton|gb164|AI731567 cotton 1363 149 cotton|gb164|AI725950 96.4 blastp 300 cotton|gb164|AI726627 cotton 1364 150 cotton|gb164|AI726599 96.4 blastp 301 brachypodium|gb169|BE425417 brachypodium 1365 154 barley|gb157.2|AL450627 84.7 blastp 302 leymus|gb166|EG388830 leymus 1366 154 barley|gb157.2|AL450627 86.4 blastp 303 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF340314 pseudoroegneria 1367 154 barley|gb157.2|AL450627 89.4 blastp 304 wheat|gb164|BE429931 wheat 1368 154 barley|gb157.2|AL450627 89.4 blastp 305 switchgrass|gb167|DN142225 switchgrass 1369 156 rice|gb157.2|BI805919 82.5 blastp 306 brachypodium|gb169|BE425715 brachypodium 1370 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 85.2 blastp 306 brachypodium|gb169|BE425715 brachypodium 1370 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 81 blastp 307 maize|gb170|BG320615 maize 1371 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 92.1 blastp 307 maize|gb170|BG320615 maize 1371 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 86 blastp 308 maize|gb170|CF023721 maize 1372 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 89.1 blastp 308 maize|gb170|CF023721 maize 1372 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 87.5 blastp 309 maize|gb170|CF059393 maize 1373 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 87.6 blastp 309 maize|gb170|CF059393 maize 1373 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 86 blastp 310 maize|gb170|SRR014551S0286097 maize 1374 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 88.1 blastp 310 maize|gb170|SRR014551S0286097 maize 1374 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 85.1 blastp 311 rice|gb170|OS11G09020 rice 1375 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 83.56 tblastn 311 rice|gb170|OS11G09020 rice 1375 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 80.1 blastp 312 rice|gb170|OS12G08090 rice 1376 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 86 blastp 312 rice|gb170|OS12G08090 rice 1376 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 81.3 blastp 313 rice|gb170|OS12G08130 rice 1377 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 86.2 blastp 313 rice|gb170|OS12G08130 rice 1377 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 81.5 blastp 314 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE358811 sorghum 1378 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 95.6 blastp 314 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE358811 sorghum 1378 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 89.8 blastp 315 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG052599 sorghum 1379 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 89.1 blastp 315 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG052599 sorghum 1379 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 87.5 blastp 316 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG464355 sorghum 1380 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 91 blastp 316 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG464355 sorghum 1380 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 85.6 blastp 317 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG488442 sorghum 1381 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 89.1 blastp 317 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG488442 sorghum 1381 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 87.7 blastp 318 sorghum|gb161.crp|SBGWP027891 sorghum 1382 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 87.6 blastp 318 sorghum|gb161.crp|SBGWP027891 sorghum 1382 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 86 blastp 319 wheat|gb164|BI479031 wheat 1383 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 81.74 tblastn 319 wheat|gb164|BI479031 wheat 1383 157 maize|gb170|AI974922 80.33 tblastn 320 b_rapa|gb162|BG544047 b_rapa 1384 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 87.5 blastp 321 b_rapa|gb162|EX087649 b_rapa 1385 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 82.2 blastp 322 canola|gb161|DY020042 canola 1386 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 86.8 blastp 323 radish|gb164|EV538867 radish 1387 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 84.4 blastp 324 radish|gb164|EV544902 radish 1388 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 85.1 blastp 325 radish|gb164|EX746928 radish 1389 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 84.4 blastp 326 radish|gb164|EX748244 radish 1390 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 83.9 blastp 327 thellungiella|gb167|BY812778 thellungiella 1391 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G24960 84.3 blastp 328 apple|gb157.3|CN876940 apple 1392 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.7 blastp 329 apple|gb157.3|CN944710 apple 1393 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.7 blastp 330 apricot|gb157.2|CB819340 apricot 1394 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 82.3 blastp 331 b_oleracea|gb161|AM057864 b_oleracea 1395 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 332 b_rapa|gb162|EE527690 b_rapa 1396 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 333 cacao|gb167|CU493876 cacao 1397 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.3 blastp 334 canola|gb161|CD830518 canola 1398 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80 blastp 335 canola|gb161|CX279110 canola 1399 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 336 cassava|gb164|DV454217 cassava 1400 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 82.3 blastp 337 catharanthus|gb166|EG557732 catharanthus 1401 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.1 blastp 338 citrus|gb166|CB290240 citrus 1402 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 83.4 blastp 339 coffea|gb157.2|DV694449 coffea 1403 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 83.4 blastp 340 cotton|gb164|AI727100 cotton 1404 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 83.7 blastp 341 cynara|gb167|GE589728 cynara 1405 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80 blastp 342 ipomoea|gb157.2|EE875432 ipomoea 1406 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.7 blastp 343 kiwi|gb166|FG405906 kiwi 1407 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.6 blastp 344 peach|gb157.2|BU044342 peach 1408 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 84 blastp 345 pepper|gb157.2|CA514905 pepper 1409 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 93.1 blastp 346 periwinkle|gb164|EG557732 periwinkle 1410 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.1 blastp 347 petunia|gb166|CV294973 petunia 1411 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 88.7 tblastn 348 poplar|gb170|BU867493 poplar 1412 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 85.2 blastp 349 prunus|gb167|BU044342 prunus 1413 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 84 blastp 350 safflower|gb162|EL399778 safflower 1414 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.71 tblastn 351 soybean|gb168|AL371264 soybean 1415 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 81.1 blastp 352 soybean|gb168|BE661867 soybean 1416 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 353 spurge|gb161|DV121886 spurge 1417 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 354 strawberry|gb164|DY670203 strawberry 1418 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 82.4 blastp 355 sunflower|gb162|EL460579 sunflower 1419 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80 tblastn 356 thellungiella|gb167|DN773683 thellungiella 1420 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 80.6 blastp 357 tobacco|gb162|EB445785 tobacco 1421 159 tomato|gb164|BG124666 90.9 blastp 358 potato|gb157.2|BG098579 potato 1422 160 tomato|gb164|BG134403 97.1 blastp 359 potato|gb157.2|CK246251 potato 1423 160 tomato|gb164|BG134403 96.7 blastp 360 potato|gb157.2|CK246610 potato 1424 160 tomato|gb164|BG134403 96 blastp 361 brachypodium|gb169|BF260689 brachypodium 1425 162 rice|gb157.2|AU174544 88.6 tblastn 362 maize|gb170|AI676864 maize 1426 162 rice|gb157.2|AU174544 86.9 blastp 363 rice|gb170|OS02G44980 rice 1427 162 rice|gb157.2|AU174544 80.6 blastp 364 sorghum|gb161.crp|BF704932 sorghum 1428 162 rice|gb157.2|AU174544 89 blastp 365 rice|gb170|OS12G38010 rice 1429 168 rice|gb157.2|BE039221 91.14 tblastn 366 rice|gb170|OS12G38270 rice 1430 168 rice|gb157.2|BE039221 81.2 blastp 367 rice|gb170|OS10G38040 rice 1431 169 rice|gb157.2|AU056888 98.1 blastp 368 maize|gb170|BQ528487 maize 1432 170 rice|gb157.2|AA753730 89.1 blastp 369 sorghum|gb161.crp|CD221960 sorghum 1433 170 rice|gb157.2|AA753730 87.1 blastp 370 switchgrass|gb167|DN149767 switchgrass 1434 170 rice|gb157.2|AA753730 86.7 blastp 371 sorghum|gb161.crp|SBGWP095487 sorghum 1435 171 maize|gb164|AW455682 89.3 blastp 372 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA172410 sugarcane 1436 171 maize|gb164|AW455682 89 blastp 373 switchgrass|gb167|DN144560 switchgrass 1437 171 maize|gb164|AW455682 85.2 blastp 374 brachypodium|gb169|BE404970 brachypodium 1438 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 88.7 blastp 375 cenchrus|gb166|EB654111 cenchrus 1439 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 87 blastp 376 leymus|gb166|EG400906 leymus 1440 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 83.6 blastp 377 maize|gb170|AW018173 maize 1441 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 90 blastp 378 maize|gb170|LLAI637139 maize 1442 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 88.9 blastp 379 sorghum|gb161.crp|AI783434 sorghum 1443 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 90.5 blastp 380 sugarcane|gb157.3|BU925706 sugarcane 1444 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 91.2 blastp 381 switchgrass|gb167|DN142209 switchgrass 1445 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 91 blastp 382 switchgrass|gb167|DN142636 switchgrass 1446 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 90.7 blastp 383 wheat|gb164|BE398863 wheat 1447 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 80.9 blastp 384 wheat|gb164|BE404970 wheat 1448 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 81.7 blastp 385 wheat|gb164|BE418290 wheat 1449 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861 82 blastp 386 maize|gb170|BM895695 maize 1450 173 rice|gb157.2|AK108994 84.5 blastp 387 rice|gb170|OS04G55740 rice 1451 173 rice|gb157.2|AK108994 94.7 blastp 388 sorghum|gb161.crp|BM895695 sorghum 1452 173 rice|gb157.2|AK108994 82.2 blastp 389 brachypodium|gb169|CA684980 brachypodium 1453 174 rice|gb157.2|CB640732 87.2 blastp 390 maize|gb170|AW562805 maize 1454 174 rice|gb157.2|CB640732 87.1 blastp 391 sorghum|gb161.crp|CD219694 sorghum 1455 174 rice|gb157.2|CB640732 87.7 blastp 392 soybean|gb168|AL366192 soybean 1456 174 rice|gb157.2|CB640732 80.38 tblastn 393 poplar|gb170|AI166596 poplar 1457 175 poplar|gb157.2|BU868634 88.2 blastp 394 castorbean|gb160|AJ605572 castorbean 1458 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 81 blastp 395 chestnut|gb170|SRR006296S0014660 chestnut 1459 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 80.08 tblastn 396 citrus|gb166|CK740163 citrus 1460 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 80.08 tblastn 397 cowpea|gb166|FF394551 cowpea 1461 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 90.7 blastp 398 medicago|gb157.2|AA660751 medicago 1462 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 87.9 blastp 399 peanut|gb167|EH042453 peanut 1463 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 88.66 tblastn 400 soybean|gb168|BU547671 soybean 1464 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963 97.2 blastp 401 barley|gb157.3|BE194421 barley 1465 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 81.5 blastp 402 brachypodium|gb169|BE424330 brachypodium 1466 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 82.4 blastp 403 leymus|gb166|EG376396 leymus 1467 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 81.8 blastp 404 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF349876 pseudoroegneria 1468 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 82.1 blastp 405 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA099115 sugarcane 1469 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 81 blastp 406 wheat|gb164|BE424330 wheat 1470 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 81.82 tblastn 407 wheat|gb164|BE516775 wheat 1471 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377 82.1 blastp 408 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ560033 antirrhinum 1472 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 409 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ801252 antirrhinum 1473 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.3 blastp 410 apple|gb157.3|AU301287 apple 1474 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 86.9 blastp 411 apple|gb157.3|CN488989 apple 1475 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 412 apple|gb157.3|CN864173 apple 1476 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 413 apple|gb157.3|CN869339 apple 1477 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.4 blastp 414 aquilegia|gb157.3|DR939874 aquilegia 1478 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 415 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G04750 arabidopsis 1479 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 416 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G33120 arabidopsis 1480 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 417 artemisia|gb164|EY060063 artemisia 1481 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 418 artemisia|gb164|EY073689 artemisia 1482 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 419 avocado|gb164|CK762777 avocado 1483 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 420 avocado|gb164|CV461025 avocado 1484 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 421 b_oleracea|gb161|AM386735 b_oleracea 1485 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 422 b_oleracea|gb161|CB617574 b_oleracea 1486 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.6 blastp 423 b_rapa|gb162|CA992099 b_rapa 1487 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.2 blastp 424 b_rapa|gb162|CV544695 b_rapa 1488 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 425 b_rapa|gb162|DN961220 b_rapa 1489 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.1 blastp 426 b_rapa|gb162|DY008890 b_rapa 1490 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 427 b_rapa|gb162|EX034829 b_rapa 1491 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 428 banana|gb167|FF558354 banana 1492 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.4 blastp 429 banana|gb167|FL658702 banana 1493 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 430 barley|gb157.3|BE413339 barley 1494 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.8 blastp 431 basilicum|gb157.3|DY343103 basilicum 1495 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.1 blastp 432 bean|gb167|CA898578 bean 1496 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 433 bean|gb167|CA899486 bean 1497 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.2 blastp 434 bean|gb167|CA907867 bean 1498 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.4 blastp 435 brachypodium|gb169|BE417694 brachypodium 1499 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.2 blastp 436 cacao|gb167|CA798042 cacao 1500 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.3 blastp 437 cacao|gb167|CU474349 cacao 1501 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 90.5 blastp 438 cacao|gb167|CU478046 cacao 1502 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 439 canola|gb161|CD816574 canola 1503 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 440 canola|gb161|CD818619 canola 1504 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.2 blastp 441 canola|gb161|CD826636 canola 1505 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 442 canola|gb161|CD841484 canola 1506 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 443 canola|gb161|CN734885 canola 1507 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 444 canola|gb161|DW998530 canola 1508 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.1 blastp 445 canola|gb161|DY028580 canola 1509 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.5 blastp 446 canola|gb161|EE483345 canola 1510 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.2 blastp 447 cassava|gb164|BM259789 cassava 1511 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 448 cassava|gb164|CK645968 cassava 1512 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 449 cassava|gb164|DV446794 cassava 1513 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 450 castorbean|gb160|EE255473 castorbean 1514 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 451 castorbean|gb160|EE255572 castorbean 1515 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 452 castorbean|gb160|EE259993 castorbean 1516 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 86 blastp 453 centaurea|gb166|EH728993 centaurea 1517 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.3 blastp 454 centaurea|gb166|EH737653 centaurea 1518 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.33 tblastn 455 centaurea|gb166|EH743515 centaurea 1519 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 456 centaurea|gb166|EH747496 centaurea 1520 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 457 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0000799 chestnut 1521 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 458 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0000895 chestnut 1522 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.7 blastp 459 cichorium|gb166|DT212405 cichorium 1523 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.33 tblastn 460 cichorium|gb166|DT212482 cichorium 1524 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 461 cichorium|gb166|EH686887 cichorium 1525 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.88 tblastn 462 citrus|gb166|BE205677 citrus 1526 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.3 blastp 463 citrus|gb166|CB290704 citrus 1527 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.3 blastp 464 citrus|gb166|CF830698 citrus 1528 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 465 coffea|gb157.2|CF588660 coffea 1529 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 466 coffea|gb157.2|DV665256 coffea 1530 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.5 blastp 467 cotton|gb164|AI055143 cotton 1531 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 468 cotton|gb164|AI726538 cotton 1532 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.43 tblastn 469 cotton|gb164|BF268281 cotton 1533 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.3 blastp 470 cotton|gb164|BF270800 cotton 1534 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 471 cotton|gb164|BF274309 cotton 1535 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.8 blastp 472 cowpea|gb166|FF382703 cowpea 1536 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 473 cowpea|gb166|FF385500 cowpea 1537 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.4 blastp 474 cowpea|gb166|FF388694 cowpea 1538 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88 blastp 475 cycas|gb166|CB090084 cycas 1539 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 476 cynara|gb167|GE583641 cynara 1540 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.98 tblastn 477 cynara|gb167|GE586008 cynara 1541 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.18 tblastn 478 dandelion|gb161|DY820375 dandelion 1542 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.23 tblastn 479 dandelion|gb161|DY822153 dandelion 1543 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 480 fescue|gb161|DT686644 fescue 1544 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 481 ginger|gb164|DY354490 ginger 1545 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 482 ginger|gb164|DY357009 ginger 1546 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.53 tblastn 483 grape|gb160|BQ797249 grape 1547 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 484 grape|gb160|CA814878 grape 1548 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.4 blastp 485 grape|gb160|CB009359 grape 1549 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 486 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ554498 ipomoea 1550 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 90.1 blastp 487 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ555833 ipomoea 1551 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 89.6 blastp 488 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ565525 ipomoea 1552 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 89.6 blastp 489 ipomoea|gb157.2|DQ016990 ipomoea 1553 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 490 kiwi|gb166|FG428824 kiwi 1554 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 491 lettuce|gb157.2|DW046480 lettuce 1555 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 492 lettuce|gb157.2|DW051770 lettuce 1556 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 493 lettuce|gb157.2|DW054433 lettuce 1557 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 494 lettuce|gb157.2|DW104005 lettuce 1558 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 495 lettuce|gb157.2|DW148893 lettuce 1559 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 496 liriodendron|gb166|CK761427 liriodendron 1560 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.1 blastp 497 lovegrass|gb167|EH189433 lovegrass 1561 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 498 maize|gb170|AI621444 maize 1562 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 499 maize|gb170|AI901672 maize 1563 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 500 medicago|gb157.2|AL371369 medicago 1564 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.3 blastp 501 medicago|gb157.2|AW127543 medicago 1565 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.3 blastp 502 medicago|gb157.2|AW329342 medicago 1566 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 503 melon|gb165|AM743036 melon 1567 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 504 melon|gb165|DV633620 melon 1568 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.6 blastp 505 nuphar|gb166|ES730054 nuphar 1569 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.2 blastp 506 oak|gb170|CU639508 oak 1570 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.7 blastp 507 oak|gb170|SRR006307S0008904 oak 1571 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 508 oil_palm|gb166|CN599846 oil_palm 1572 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 509 onion|gb162|CF440003 onion 1573 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.43 tblastn 510 papaya|gb165|AM904122 papaya 1574 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 511 papaya|gb165|EX245134 papaya 1575 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 512 peach|gb157.2|BU040787 peach 1576 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.7 blastp 513 peach|gb157.2|BU048627 peach 1577 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.53 tblastn 514 peanut|gb167|EH042957 peanut 1578 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.4 blastp 515 peanut|gb167|EH044861 peanut 1579 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 516 pepper|gb157.2|CA520584 pepper 1580 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 517 petunia|gb166|CV296853 petunia 1581 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 518 pineapple|gb157.2|DT337519 pineapple 1582 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.3 blastp 519 poplar|gb170|AI166018 poplar 1583 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 86.9 blastp 520 poplar|gb170|BI120322 poplar 1584 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 521 poplar|gb170|BI128184 poplar 1585 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.1 blastp 522 poplar|gb170|BU818354 poplar 1586 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.8 blastp 523 poplar|gb170|CB240411 poplar 1587 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.1 blastp 524 potato|gb157.2|BG590329 potato 1588 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.3 blastp 525 potato|gb157.2|BG886984 potato 1589 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 526 potato|gb157.2|BI406651 potato 1590 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 100 blastp 527 prunus|gb167|BU040787 prunus 1591 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 88.7 blastp 528 prunus|gb167|BU048627 prunus 1592 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.6 blastp 529 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF341379 pseudoroegneria 1593 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.2 blastp 530 radish|gb164|EV527352 radish 1594 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.5 blastp 531 radish|gb164|EV528724 radish 1595 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 532 radish|gb164|EV532638 radish 1596 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 533 radish|gb164|EV535212 radish 1597 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.5 blastp 534 radish|gb164|EV544241 radish 1598 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 535 radish|gb164|EV549527 radish 1599 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.98 tblastn 536 radish|gb164|EV567707 radish 1600 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 537 radish|gb164|EW724564 radish 1601 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82 blastp 538 radish|gb164|EX755021 radish 1602 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.7 blastp 539 rice|gb170|OS03G58840 rice 1603 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 540 rice|gb170|OS07G09600 rice 1604 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 541 safflower|gb162|EL373980 safflower 1605 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 542 safflower|gb162|EL381462 safflower 1606 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 543 safflower|gb162|EL389501 safflower 1607 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 544 safflower|gb162|EL404279 safflower 1608 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 545 senecio|gb170|DY663178 senecio 1609 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.08 tblastn 546 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW282206 sorghum 1610 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 547 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW565015 sorghum 1611 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 548 soybean|gb168|AL371369 soybean 1612 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.8 blastp 549 soybean|gb168|AL371370 soybean 1613 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.6 blastp 550 soybean|gb168|AL374552 soybean 1614 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.4 blastp 551 soybean|gb168|AL384290 soybean 1615 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 86.7 blastp 552 soybean|gb168|BE658783 soybean 1616 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 553 soybean|gb168|BE660085 soybean 1617 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 554 spurge|gb161|DV113185 spurge 1618 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 555 spurge|gb161|DV115533 spurge 1619 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 86.5 blastp 556 spurge|gb161|DV129528 spurge 1620 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 557 strawberry|gb164|CO380944 strawberry 1621 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 87.4 blastp 558 strawberry|gb164|DY667942 strawberry 1622 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 559 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA066679 sugarcane 1623 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.53 tblastn 560 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA070863 sugarcane 1624 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 561 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA073069 sugarcane 1625 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.5 blastp 562 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA098212 sugarcane 1626 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.1 blastp 563 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA105955 sugarcane 1627 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 564 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA125341 sugarcane 1628 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 565 sunflower|gb162|CD848438 sunflower 1629 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 566 sunflower|gb162|CD855829 sunflower 1630 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 567 sunflower|gb162|DY909391 sunflower 1631 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 568 sunflower|gb162|EL423569 sunflower 1632 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.3 blastp 569 sunflower|gb162|EL429220 sunflower 1633 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.1 blastp 570 switchgrass|gb167|DN143573 switchgrass 1634 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 571 switchgrass|gb167|DN151435 switchgrass 1635 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 572 switchgrass|gb167|FE607763 switchgrass 1636 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83 blastp 573 switchgrass|gb167|FE624609 switchgrass 1637 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 574 thellungiella|gb167|BY802757 thellungiella 1638 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.5 blastp 575 tobacco|gb162|DV157924 tobacco 1639 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.4 blastp 576 tobacco|gb162|EB426444 tobacco 1640 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 96.4 tblastn 577 tobacco|gb162|EB426574 tobacco 1641 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.7 blastp 578 tobacco|gb162|EB677916 tobacco 1642 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 94.1 blastp 579 tomato|gb164|BG135003 tomato 1643 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 84.2 blastp 580 tomato|gb164|BG629456 tomato 1644 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.9 blastp 581 triphysaria|gb164|DR172719 triphysaria 1645 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 82.3 blastp 582 triphysaria|gb164|EY126667 triphysaria 1646 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 583 triphysaria|gb164|EY128979 triphysaria 1647 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 83.8 blastp 584 walnuts|gb166|CV198306 walnuts 1648 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 85.7 blastp 585 wheat|gb164|BE400499 wheat 1649 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.8 blastp 586 wheat|gb164|BE417694 wheat 1650 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.2 blastp 587 wheat|gb164|CA595472 wheat 1651 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 81.2 blastp 588 zamia|gb166|FD768487 zamia 1652 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806 80.2 blastp 589 barley|gb157.3|AL450674 barley 1653 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.7 blastp 590 brachypodium|gb169|BE424284 brachypodium 1654 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 83.4 blastp 591 fescue|gb161|DT675288 fescue 1655 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.4 blastp 592 leymus|gb166|CN466264 leymus 1656 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 84.6 blastp 593 maize|gb170|AI438809 maize 1657 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 84.4 blastp 594 maize|gb170|AI977870 maize 1658 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 82.8 blastp 595 maize|gb170|LLDQ245361 maize 1659 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.7 blastp 596 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF341007 pseudoroegneria 1660 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.7 blastp 597 rye|gb164|BE586725 rye 1661 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.7 blastp 598 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW565030 sorghum 1662 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 82.9 blastp 599 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA084082 sugarcane 1663 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 83.1 blastp 600 switchgrass|gb167|DN142592 switchgrass 1664 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 86.4 blastp 601 switchgrass|gb167|DN145453 switchgrass 1665 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85 blastp 602 wheat|gb164|BE424284 wheat 1666 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.7 blastp 603 wheat|gb164|BE498139 wheat 1667 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.3 blastp 604 wheat|gb164|BF200880 wheat 1668 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 85.1 blastp 605 wheat|gb164|CA620728 wheat 1669 183 rice|gb157.2|AT003383 81.67 tblastn 606 brachypodium|gb169|AJ476542 brachypodium 1670 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 91 blastp 607 leymus|gb166|EG388555 leymus 1671 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 88.3 blastp 608 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF346414 pseudoroegneria 1672 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 88.9 blastp 609 rice|gb170|OS01G51190 rice 1673 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 91.57 tblastn 610 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW283867 sorghum 1674 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 98.8 blastp 611 wheat|gb164|AL820971 wheat 1675 185 maize|gb157|BG354535 88.3 blastp 612 maize|gb170|BI388811 maize 1676 186 rice|gb157.2|AU029933 82.8 blastp 613 sorghum|gb161.crp|DR807282 sorghum 1677 186 rice|gb157.2|AU029933 82 blastp 614 rice|gb170|OS01G65169 rice 1678 187 rice|gb157.2|AK102239 82.5 blastp 615 brachypodium|gb169|BE421953 brachypodium 1679 188 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI947781 81.97 tblastn 616 maize|gb170|AI947781 maize 1680 188 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI947781 95.8 blastp 617 rice|gb170|OS01G65100 rice 1681 188 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI947781 87 blastp 618 switchgrass|gb167|DN144961 switchgrass 1682 188 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI947781 90.2 tblastn 619 canola|gb161|EE417585 canola 1683 189 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G58030 89 blastp 620 radish|gb164|EV566943 radish 1684 189 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G58030 89.47 tblastn 621 barley|gb157.3|BE412663 barley 1685 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 84.2 blastp 622 brachypodium|gb169|BE407009 brachypodium 1686 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 88.6 blastp 623 rice|gb170|OS04G56290 rice 1687 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 88.1 blastp 624 sorghum|gb161.crp|AI622153 sorghum 1688 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 95.3 blastp 625 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA067412 sugarcane 1689 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 95 blastp 626 switchgrass|gb167|DN150103 switchgrass 1690 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 93.5 blastp 627 wheat|gb164|BE407009 wheat 1691 191 maize|gb164|AI600563 87.5 blastp 628 rice|gb170|OS01G03530 rice 1692 192 rice|gb157.2|CB000630 99.8 blastp 629 barley|gb157.3|BF066082 barley 1693 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 88.03 tblastn 630 barley|gb157.3|HVU08135 barley 1694 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 81.7 blastp 631 brachypodium|gb169|HVU08135 brachypodium 1695 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 91.1 blastp 632 fescue|gb161|DT682842 fescue 1696 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 86.5 blastp 633 leymus|gb166|CD808858 leymus 1697 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 97.4 blastp 634 maize|gb170|AI491463 maize 1698 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 84.3 blastp 635 maize|gb170|AI601031 maize 1699 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 84.9 blastp 636 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF347239 pseudoroegneria 1700 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 98.3 blastp 637 rice|gb170|OS03G56670 rice 1701 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 85 blastp 638 rye|gb164|BE636806 rye 1702 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 84 blastp 639 sorghum|gb161.crp|AI861201 sorghum 1703 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 85.4 blastp 640 switchgrass|gb167|DN144671 switchgrass 1704 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 84.4 blastp 641 wheat|gb164|BE213564 wheat 1705 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 91.5 blastp 642 wheat|gb164|BE216912 wheat 1706 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 89.8 blastp 643 wheat|gb164|BE415875 wheat 1707 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 93.5 blastp 644 wheat|gb164|CK217408 wheat 1708 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 83.12 tblastn 645 wheat|gb164|DR737269 wheat 1709 193 wheat|gb154|TG_BE216912 82.25 tblastn 646 leymus|gb166|EG400892 leymus 1710 194 rice|gb157.2|BE039218 81.9 blastp 647 b_oleracea|gb161|AM059989 b_oleracea 1711 195 arabidopsis|gb165|AT5G60680 80.6 blastp 648 canola|gb161|DW997913 canola 1712 195 arabidopsis|gb165|AT5G60680 81.2 blastp 649 bean|gb167|CA898406 bean 1713 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.5 blastp 650 cacao|gb167|CU469591 cacao 1714 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.6 blastp 651 cassava|gb164|CK641441 cassava 1715 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.9 blastp 652 castorbean|gb160|T15009 castorbean 1716 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.2 blastp 653 cowpea|gb166|FC457559 cowpea 1717 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.2 blastp 654 cowpea|gb166|FC461906 cowpea 1718 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.3 blastp 655 maize|gb170|W21620 maize 1719 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 87.6 blastp 656 oil_palm|gb166|CN601354 oil_palm 1720 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 81.1 blastp 657 papaya|gb165|EX264224 papaya 1721 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80 blastp 658 pineapple|gb157.2|CO730751 pineapple 1722 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 81.6 blastp 659 sorghum|gb161.crp|W21620 sorghum 1723 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 87.4 blastp 660 soybean|gb168|AL373484 soybean 1724 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.9 blastp 661 soybean|gb168|AW348141 soybean 1725 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.4 blastp 662 soybean|gb168|AW587090 soybean 1726 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 80.4 blastp 663 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ535675 sugarcane 1727 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 86.8 blastp 664 switchgrass|gb167|DN140694 switchgrass 1728 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 86.1 blastp 665 switchgrass|gb167|DN141888 switchgrass 1729 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 85.8 blastp 666 switchgrass|gb167|FE603746 switchgrass 1730 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934 85.3 blastp 667 maize|gb170|BE129570 maize 1731 198 maize|gb154|AW037179 96.1 blastp 668 maize|gb170|BI478834 maize 1732 198 maize|gb154|AW037179 92.9 blastp 669 rice|gb170|OS02G54730 rice 1733 198 maize|gb154|AW037179 81.4 blastp 670 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE129570 sorghum 1734 198 maize|gb154|AW037179 91.8 blastp 671 sorghum|gb161.crp|CD231473 sorghum 1735 199 maize|gb164|AW287760 81.98 tblastn 672 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA089926 sugarcane 1736 199 maize|gb164|AW287760 88.56 tblastn 673 switchgrass|gb167|FL699406 switchgrass 1737 199 maize|gb164|AW287760 85.3 blastp 674 switchgrass|gb167|FL727557 switchgrass 1738 199 maize|gb164|AW287760 81.9 blastp 675 sorghum|gb161.crp|BF480947 sorghum 1739 200 maize|gb157|AW360667 96.1 blastp 676 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA069365 sugarcane 1740 200 maize|gb157|AW360667 97.2 blastp 677 apple|gb157.3|CN873722 apple 1741 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 80.26 tblastn 678 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0001486 chestnut 1742 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 82.2 blastp 679 cotton|gb164|AI728964 cotton 1743 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 80.3 blastp 680 grape|gb160|CB004507 grape 1744 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 80.3 blastp 681 papaya|gb165|EX243430 papaya 1745 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 82.8 blastp 682 poplar|gb170|AI165788 poplar 1746 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 80.26 tblastn 683 poplar|gb170|BI071804 poplar 1747 202 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100 80.75 tblastn 684 bean|gb167|CV538336 bean 1748 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 80.83 tblastn 685 bean|gb167|PVU72768 bean 1749 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 85.8 blastp 686 clover|gb162|BB932705 clover 1750 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 83.3 blastp 687 cowpea|gb166|FC457443 cowpea 1751 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 87.92 tblastn 688 medicago|gb157.2|AL366760 medicago 1752 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 84.7 blastp 689 medicago|gb157.2|AW328889 medicago 1753 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 80.52 tblastn 690 medicago|gb157.2|AW329415 medicago 1754 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 83.67 tblastn 691 medicago|gb157.2|AW329734 medicago 1755 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 85.11 tblastn 692 soybean|gb168|S44202 soybean 1756 203 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR 95.7 blastp 693 b_rapa|gb162|CV544929 b_rapa 1757 266 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G44920 80.38 tblastn 693 b_rapa|gb162|CV544929 b_rapa 1757 204 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G44920 80.15 tblastn 694 radish|gb164|EV525414 radish 1758 266 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G44920 81.3 blastp 694 radish|gb164|EV525414 radish 1758 204 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G44920 80.7 blastp 695 thellungiella|gb167|DN777579 thellungiella 1759 266 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G44920 81.7 blastp 695 thellungiella|gb167|DN777579 thellungiella 1759 204 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G44920 81.1 blastp 696 arabidopsis|gb165|AT3G17410 arabidopsis 1760 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 87.1 blastp 697 b_oleracea|gb161|AM385784 b_oleracea 1761 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 87.4 blastp 698 b_rapa|gb162|DN962030 b_rapa 1762 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 83.52 tblastn 699 b_rapa|gb162|EX020680 b_rapa 1763 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 85.4 blastp 700 b_rapa|gb162|EX025892 b_rapa 1764 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 85.99 tblastn 701 canola|gb161|CX278279 canola 1765 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 86.3 blastp 702 canola|gb161|EG021170 canola 1766 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 83.79 tblastn 703 radish|gb164|EV525080 radish 1767 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 87.6 blastp 704 radish|gb164|EV543636 radish 1768 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 85.4 blastp 705 radish|gb164|EY895533 radish 1769 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 84.7 blastp 706 thellungiella|gb167|DN774052 thellungiella 1770 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210 87.4 blastp 707 wheat|gb164|AL822688 wheat 1771 206 wheat|gb164|BE445396 92.9 blastp 708 wheat|gb164|CD869154 wheat 1772 206 wheat|gb164|BE445396 92.9 blastp 709 banana|gb167|ES432415 banana 1773 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 85.3 blastp 710 barley|gb157.3|BI948762 barley 1774 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 81.5 blastp 711 barley|gb157.3|BJ453298 barley 1775 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 94.2 blastp 712 citrus|gb166|CF419725 citrus 1776 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 80.8 blastp 713 cotton|gb164|BF277609 cotton 1777 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 81.5 blastp 714 fescue|gb161|CK801460 fescue 1778 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 91.1 blastp 715 maize|gb170|AI619081 maize 1779 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 97.7 blastp 716 maize|gb170|AW216176 maize 1780 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 87.8 blastp 717 maize|gb170|BG841543 maize 1781 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 97.7 blastp 718 maize|gb170|H89383 maize 1782 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 86.9 blastp 719 onion|gb162|CF447150 onion 1783 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 80 blastp 720 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF343595 pseudoroegneria 1784 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 94.2 blastp 721 rice|gb170|OS05G36110 rice 1785 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 86.2 blastp 722 sorghum|gb161.crp|AI783327 sorghum 1786 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 96.5 blastp 723 sorghum|gb161.crp|H89383 sorghum 1787 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 87.9 blastp 724 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ479039 sugarcane 1788 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 98.1 blastp 725 switchgrass|gb167|DN144476 switchgrass 1789 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 96.9 blastp 726 switchgrass|gb167|FE642599 switchgrass 1790 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 87.5 blastp 727 wheat|gb164|BG909438 wheat 1791 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 93.4 blastp 728 wheat|gb164|CA497850 wheat 1792 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 81.9 blastp 729 wheat|gb164|CA658427 wheat 1793 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950 94.2 blastp 730 cenchrus|gb166|EB654920 cenchrus 1794 209 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439 82.2 blastp 731 maize|gb170|AI855209 maize 1795 209 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439 89.4 blastp 732 sugarcane|gb157.3|BU102825 sugarcane 1796 209 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439 96.2 blastp 733 switchgrass|gb167|DN146789 switchgrass 1797 209 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439 81.2 blastp 734 maize|gb170|AI944302 maize 1798 210 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW052978 93.5 blastp 735 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ534346 sugarcane 1799 210 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW052978 93.5 blastp 736 switchgrass|gb167|FL722616 switchgrass 1800 210 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW052978 86.1 blastp 737 barley|gb157.3|BE413281 barley 1801 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 88.3 blastp 738 leymus|gb166|EG382167 leymus 1802 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 88.5 blastp 739 maize|gb170|AI855325 maize 1803 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 93.5 blastp 740 rice|gb170|OS01G09010 rice 1804 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 88.8 blastp 741 switchgrass|gb167|DN145994 switchgrass 1805 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 93 blastp 742 wheat|gb164|BE414789 wheat 1806 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409 88.5 blastp 743 barley|gb157.3|BE437905 barley 1807 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 82.43 tblastn 744 brachypodium|gb169|BE437905 brachypodium 1808 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 80.2 blastp 745 leymus|gb166|EG394243 leymus 1809 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 80.4 blastp 746 maize|gb170|BG320821 maize 1810 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 94.5 blastp 747 maize|gb170|LLT23330 maize 1811 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 96.2 blastp 748 rice|gb170|OS08G45240 rice 1812 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 82.2 blastp 749 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA073529 sugarcane 1813 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 97.9 blastp 750 switchgrass|gb167|DN145055 switchgrass 1814 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 94.9 blastp 751 wheat|gb164|BE404004 wheat 1815 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194 81.59 tblastn 752 maize|gb170|AI939746 maize 1816 213 rice|gb157.2|BI805136 80 blastp 753 rice|gb170|OS08G44840 rice 1817 213 rice|gb157.2|BI805136 99.8 blastp 754 wheat|gb164|BE400051 wheat 1818 213 rice|gb157.2|BI805136 80.54 tblastn 755 barley|gb157.3|AL506838 barley 1819 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 86.9 blastp 756 brachypodium|gb169|BE406703 brachypodium 1820 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 90.9 blastp 757 rice|gb170|OS01G13730 rice 1821 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 92.7 blastp 758 sorghum|gb161.crp|AI739896 sorghum 1822 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 97.8 blastp 759 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ479038 sugarcane 1823 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 97.8 blastp 760 switchgrass|gb167|FE622691 switchgrass 1824 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 95.1 blastp 761 wheat|gb164|BE406703 wheat 1825 214 maize|gb164|AW054475 86.7 blastp 762 apple|gb157.3|AU301405 apple 1826 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 93.1 blastp 763 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G27600 arabidopsis 1827 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 91 blastp 764 b_rapa|gb162|CV546524 b_rapa 1828 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.6 blastp 765 b_rapa|gb162|EX019335 b_rapa 1829 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 89.9 blastp 766 barley|gb157.3|BE438944 barley 1830 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 87.5 blastp 767 basilicum|gb157.3|DY330212 basilicum 1831 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 88 blastp 768 bean|gb167|CA896847 bean 1832 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 98.4 blastp 769 brachypodium|gb169|BE405668 brachypodium 1833 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 87.9 blastp 770 cacao|gb167|CA794307 cacao 1834 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 93.1 blastp 771 canola|gb161|CD814779 canola 1835 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 88.7 blastp 772 canola|gb161|DY024749 canola 1836 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.8 blastp 773 castorbean|gb160|EG661556 castorbean 1837 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 93.1 blastp 774 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0002595 chestnut 1838 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 92.9 blastp 775 citrus|gb166|CF830344 citrus 1839 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 93.8 blastp 776 cotton|gb164|AI726326 cotton 1840 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 94 blastp 777 cotton|gb164|AI729650 cotton 1841 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 91.5 blastp 778 cotton|gb164|AI731487 cotton 1842 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 89.5 blastp 779 cotton|gb164|AI731657 cotton 1843 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 92.2 blastp 780 cowpea|gb166|FF395986 cowpea 1844 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 94.2 blastp 781 iceplant|gb164|AF165422 iceplant 1845 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 91.3 blastp 782 lettuce|gb157.2|DW049083 lettuce 1846 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.8 blastp 783 lettuce|gb157.2|DW059917 lettuce 1847 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 83.9 blastp 784 maize|gb170|AI615072 maize 1848 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 89.9 blastp 785 maize|gb170|AI714627 maize 1849 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 89.7 blastp 786 medicago|gb157.2|AW329426 medicago 1850 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 91.94 tblastn 787 pine|gb157.2|AL751019 pine 1851 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 88.2 blastp 788 pine|gb157.2|BE643751 pine 1852 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 86.8 blastp 789 poplar|gb170|AI166646 poplar 1853 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 91.7 blastp 790 poplar|gb170|BI069748 poplar 1854 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.8 blastp 791 poplar|gb170|BI070062 poplar 1855 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 81.7 blastp 792 poplar|gb170|CN549423 poplar 1856 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 81.6 blastp 793 potato|gb157.2|BG096555 potato 1857 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 87.4 blastp 794 potato|gb157.2|BI177056 potato 1858 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.8 blastp 795 rice|gb170|OS01G04814 rice 1859 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.8 blastp 796 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE366383 sorghum 1860 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.6 blastp 797 soybean|gb168|AW329426 soybean 1861 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 94 blastp 798 soybean|gb168|AW719488 soybean 1862 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 94 blastp 799 soybean|gb168|AW719867 soybean 1863 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 97.5 blastp 800 spikemoss|gb165|FE429017 spikemoss 1864 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 85.3 blastp 801 spruce|gb162|CO217587 spruce 1865 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 88.2 blastp 802 strawberry|gb164|CO816822 strawberry 1866 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 92.4 blastp 803 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ533539 sugarcane 1867 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.6 blastp 804 sunflower|gb162|CD849902 sunflower 1868 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.57 tblastn 805 sunflower|gb162|DY927633 sunflower 1869 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 82.3 blastp 806 switchgrass|gb167|DN142133 switchgrass 1870 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.3 blastp 807 tomato|gb164|AI637361 tomato 1871 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.6 blastp 808 tomato|gb164|BE459090 tomato 1872 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 87.2 blastp 809 triphysaria|gb164|DR175699 triphysaria 1873 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 90.3 blastp 810 wheat|gb164|BE405903 wheat 1874 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050 87.9 blastp 811 maize|gb170|BG316566 maize 1875 267 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE599042 98.87 tblastn 811 maize|gb170|BG316566 maize 1875 216 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE599042 96.8 blastp 812 rice|gb170|OS11G10420 rice 1876 267 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE599042 93.57 tblastn 812 rice|gb170|OS11G10420 rice 1876 216 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE599042 88 blastp 813 aquilegia|gb157.3|DR921243 aquilegia 1877 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.7 blastp 814 avocado|gb164|CK766314 avocado 1878 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.5 blastp 815 brachypodium|gb169|BE492967 brachypodium 1879 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 85.7 blastp 815 brachypodium|gb169|BE492967 brachypodium 1879 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 84.7 blastp 816 castorbean|gb160|EE255906 castorbean 1880 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 816 castorbean|gb160|EE255906 castorbean 1880 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 81 blastp 817 centaurea|gb166|EH728846 centaurea 1881 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.08 tblastn 818 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0011600 chestnut 1882 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 818 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0011600 chestnut 1882 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 80.6 blastp 819 citrus|gb166|CB305147 citrus 1883 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 81.4 blastp 819 citrus|gb166|CB305147 citrus 1883 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 820 cotton|gb164|CO121350 cotton 1884 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 82.4 tblastn 820 cotton|gb164|CO121350 cotton 1884 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 81.41 tblastn 821 kiwi|gb166|FG403767 kiwi 1885 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.5 blastp 822 leymus|gb166|EG376319 leymus 1886 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 90.3 blastp 822 leymus|gb166|EG376319 leymus 1886 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 89.6 blastp 823 papaya|gb165|EX229221 papaya 1887 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 823 papaya|gb165|EX229221 papaya 1887 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 81 blastp 824 potato|gb157.2|BE341318 potato 1888 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 824 potato|gb157.2|BE341318 potato 1888 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 81.3 blastp 825 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF342296 pseudoroegneria 1889 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 89.9 blastp 825 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF342296 pseudoroegneria 1889 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 89.2 blastp 826 rice|gb170|OS03G21914 rice 1890 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 90.6 blastp 826 rice|gb170|OS03G21914 rice 1890 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 89.9 blastp 827 rice|gb170|OS03G50620 rice 1891 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 88.2 blastp 827 rice|gb170|OS03G50620 rice 1891 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 87.2 blastp 828 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ536934 sugarcane 1892 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 99.3 blastp 828 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ536934 sugarcane 1892 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 98.1 blastp 829 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA096803 sugarcane 1893 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 98.9 blastp 829 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA096803 sugarcane 1893 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 97.8 blastp 830 sunflower|gb162|BU018368 sunflower 1894 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.2 blastp 831 switchgrass|gb167|FL773351 switchgrass 1895 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 94.8 blastp 831 switchgrass|gb167|FL773351 switchgrass 1895 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 94 blastp 832 tobacco|gb162|DV158876 tobacco 1896 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.9 blastp 832 tobacco|gb162|DV158876 tobacco 1896 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 80.2 blastp 833 tomato|gb164|BG124565 tomato 1897 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 80.9 blastp 833 tomato|gb164|BG124565 tomato 1897 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 80.6 blastp 834 wheat|gb164|BE492967 wheat 1898 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 89.9 blastp 834 wheat|gb164|BE492967 wheat 1898 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 89.2 blastp 835 wheat|gb164|BQ168983 wheat 1899 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657 90.3 blastp 835 wheat|gb164|BQ168983 wheat 1899 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657 89.6 blastp 836 fescue|gb161|CK801026 fescue 1900 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 87 blastp 837 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF340368 pseudoroegneria 1901 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 92.1 blastp 838 rice|gb170|OS07G05360 rice 1902 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 81.2 blastp 839 wheat|gb164|BE213379 wheat 1903 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 92.1 blastp 840 wheat|gb164|BE401132 wheat 1904 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 90 blastp 841 wheat|gb164|BE401288 wheat 1905 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 90.7 blastp 842 wheat|gb164|CA654680 wheat 1906 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 84.89 tblastn 843 wheat|gb164|CA695915 wheat 1907 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408 88.49 tblastn 844 maize|gb170|AW433364 maize 1908 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 87.9 blastp 845 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW922411 sorghum 1909 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 81.1 blastp 846 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA068925 sugarcane 1910 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 91.1 blastp 847 switchgrass|gb167|DN144528 switchgrass 1911 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 86.8 blastp 848 switchgrass|gb167|DN144587 switchgrass 1912 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 85.8 blastp 849 switchgrass|gb167|FL758275 switchgrass 1913 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729 80.1 blastp 850 castorbean|gb160|MDL29813M001539 castorbean 1914 221 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G13980 83.3 blastp 851 poplar|gb170|BU886496 poplar 1915 221 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G13980 82 blastp 852 soybean|gb168|BM308552 soybean 1916 221 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G13980 81.2 blastp 853 maize|gb170|BM072861 maize 1917 226 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BI139559 95.5 blastp 854 rice|gb170|OS01G07200 rice 1918 226 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BI139559 83.5 blastp 855 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA112539 sugarcane 1919 226 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BI139559 88.25 tblastn 856 barley|gb157.3|BE412997 barley 1920 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 84.1 blastp 857 brachypodium|gb169|BE403874 brachypodium 1921 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 83 blastp 858 fescue|gb161|DT680716 fescue 1922 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 81 blastp 859 leymus|gb166|CN466335 leymus 1923 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 83.4 blastp 860 maize|gb170|AF019147 maize 1924 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 91.7 blastp 861 maize|gb170|AI948311 maize 1925 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 90 blastp 862 rice|gb170|OS04G55650 rice 1926 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 85.2 blastp 863 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ536348 sugarcane 1927 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 97.9 blastp 864 switchgrass|gb167|DN140659 switchgrass 1928 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 91.8 blastp 865 switchgrass|gb167|DN141292 switchgrass 1929 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 90.8 blastp 866 wheat|gb164|BE403874 wheat 1930 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 83.9 blastp 867 wheat|gb164|BE405077 wheat 1931 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147 84.5 blastp 868 b_rapa|gb162|EX027120 b_rapa 1932 229 canola|gb161|EE559843 94.1 blastp 869 brachypodium|gb169|BF202681 brachypodium 1933 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 90.9 blastp 870 maize|gb170|LLAI629913 maize 1934 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 87 blastp 871 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF340034 pseudoroegneria 1935 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 96.8 blastp 872 rice|gb170|OS07G44660 rice 1936 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 88.6 blastp 873 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW282627 sorghum 1937 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 88.3 blastp 874 switchgrass|gb167|FE609054 switchgrass 1938 230 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 88.1 blastp 875 brachypodium|gb169|BE421829 brachypodium 1939 231 barley|gb157.3|BE420701 90.2 blastp 875 brachypodium|gb169|BE421829 brachypodium 1939 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 82.6 blastp 875 brachypodium|gb169|BE421829 brachypodium 1939 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 81.1 blastp 876 fescue|gb161|DT679850 fescue 1940 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 95.3 blastp 876 fescue|gb161|DT679850 fescue 1940 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 84.1 blastp 876 fescue|gb161|DT679850 fescue 1940 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 81.6 blastp 877 leymus|gb166|EG396605 leymus 1941 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 96.3 blastp 877 leymus|gb166|EG396605 leymus 1941 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 83.6 blastp 877 leymus|gb166|EG396605 leymus 1941 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 83.1 blastp 878 maize|gb170|AI622209 maize 1942 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 94 blastp 878 maize|gb170|AI622209 maize 1942 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 82.9 blastp 878 maize|gb170|AI622209 maize 1942 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 81.8 blastp 879 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA123704 sugarcane 1943 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 93.5 blastp 879 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA123704 sugarcane 1943 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 86.5 blastp 879 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA123704 sugarcane 1943 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 84.6 blastp 880 switchgrass|gb167|FE619680 switchgrass 1944 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 91 blastp 880 switchgrass|gb167|FE619680 switchgrass 1944 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 85.4 blastp 880 switchgrass|gb167|FE619680 switchgrass 1944 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 82.7 blastp 881 switchgrass|gb167|FE630609 switchgrass 1945 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 89.6 blastp 881 switchgrass|gb167|FE630609 switchgrass 1945 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 84 blastp 881 switchgrass|gb167|FE630609 switchgrass 1945 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 81.9 blastp 882 wheat|gb164|BE497607 wheat 1946 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 96.8 blastp 882 wheat|gb164|BE497607 wheat 1946 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 84.6 blastp 882 wheat|gb164|BE497607 wheat 1946 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 82.6 blastp 883 wheat|gb164|BF428660 wheat 1947 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829 96.8 blastp 883 wheat|gb164|BF428660 wheat 1947 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884 85.6 blastp 883 wheat|gb164|BF428660 wheat 1947 261 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209 82.6 blastp 884 barley|gb157.3|BE411922 barley 1948 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 81 blastp 885 brachypodium|gb169|BE398696 brachypodium 1949 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 82.3 blastp 886 cenchrus|gb166|EB652789 cenchrus 1950 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 92.3 blastp 887 cotton|gb164|DT574337 cotton 1951 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 95.9 blastp 888 leymus|gb166|CN465754 leymus 1952 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 81.1 blastp 889 maize|gb170|AA011880 maize 1953 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 95.9 blastp 890 maize|gb170|LLCD979368 maize 1954 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 95.9 blastp 891 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF344484 pseudoroegneria 1955 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 83.3 blastp 892 rice|gb170|OS07G46750 rice 1956 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 87.9 blastp 893 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ535840 sugarcane 1957 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 97.3 blastp 894 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ536355 sugarcane 1958 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 94 blastp 895 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA065609 sugarcane 1959 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 83.94 tblastn 896 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA075754 sugarcane 1960 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 93.3 blastp 897 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA078921 sugarcane 1961 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 98.6 blastp 898 switchgrass|gb167|DN141728 switchgrass 1962 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 91.5 blastp 899 switchgrass|gb167|DN145078 switchgrass 1963 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 92.4 blastp 900 wheat|gb164|BE398306 wheat 1964 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 82.8 blastp 901 wheat|gb164|BE398696 wheat 1965 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 81.4 blastp 902 wheat|gb164|BE423010 wheat 1966 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 82.8 blastp 903 wheat|gb164|CA484184 wheat 1967 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880 97.7 blastp 904 barley|gb157.3|BE413465 barley 1968 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.4 blastp 905 brachypodium|gb169|BE413465 brachypodium 1969 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 86.5 blastp 906 leymus|gb166|EG379179 leymus 1970 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.1 blastp 907 maize|gb170|T26952 maize 1971 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.7 blastp 908 sorghum|gb161.crp|BG549557 sorghum 1972 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.7 blastp 909 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA099583 sugarcane 1973 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 88.3 blastp 910 switchgrass|gb167|FE610789 switchgrass 1974 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 85.6 blastp 911 switchgrass|gb167|FL748149 switchgrass 1975 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 88 blastp 912 wheat|gb164|BE430330 wheat 1976 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 86.83 tblastn 913 wheat|gb164|BE490164 wheat 1977 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.1 blastp 914 wheat|gb164|BF201086 wheat 1978 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552 87.4 blastp 915 amborella|gb166|CD484126 amborella 1979 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 916 amborella|gb166|CK760819 amborella 1980 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 917 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ558674 antirrhinum 1981 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 918 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ559850 antirrhinum 1982 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 919 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ787300 antirrhinum 1983 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 920 antirrhinum|gb166|AJ789533 antirrhinum 1984 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 921 apple|gb157.3|CN489349 apple 1985 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 922 apple|gb157.3|CN496576 apple 1986 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 923 apple|gb157.3|CN995013 apple 1987 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 924 apricot|gb157.2|CB819597 apricot 1988 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 925 apricot|gb157.2|CV044080 apricot 1989 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 926 aquilegia|gb157.3|DR915026 aquilegia 1990 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 927 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G36160 arabidopsis 1991 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 928 arabidopsis|gb165|AT3G11510 arabidopsis 1992 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 929 arabidopsis|gb165|AT3G52580 arabidopsis 1993 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 930 artemisia|gb164|EY033322 artemisia 1994 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 931 artemisia|gb164|EY038655 artemisia 1995 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.1 blastp 932 artemisia|gb164|EY050701 artemisia 1996 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 933 avocado|gb164|CK753882 avocado 1997 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 934 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00033609170815 b_juncea 1998 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 935 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00191625522759 b_juncea 1999 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 936 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00422623890637 b_juncea 2000 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 84.8 blastp 937 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00544912222373 b_juncea 2001 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 938 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00716011751939 b_juncea 2002 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 939 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN00888211982122 b_juncea 2003 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 940 b_juncea|gb164|EVGN01248609033239 b_juncea 2004 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 941 b_oleracea|gb161|DY026232 b_oleracea 2005 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 942 b_oleracea|gb161|DY026495 b_oleracea 2006 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 943 b_oleracea|gb161|DY026867 b_oleracea 2007 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 944 b_oleracea|gb161|DY027139 b_oleracea 2008 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 945 b_oleracea|gb161|DY028093 b_oleracea 2009 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 946 b_oleracea|gb161|ES942246 b_oleracea 2010 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 947 b_rapa|gb162|BG544390 b_rapa 2011 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 948 b_rapa|gb162|CA992255 b_rapa 2012 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 949 b_rapa|gb162|CV433769 b_rapa 2013 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 950 b_rapa|gb162|CV433783 b_rapa 2014 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 951 b_rapa|gb162|CX265694 b_rapa 2015 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 952 b_rapa|gb162|CX270426 b_rapa 2016 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 953 b_rapa|gb162|CX270426 b_rapa 2017 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 954 b_rapa|gb162|DY008989 b_rapa 2018 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 955 b_rapa|gb162|EE525926 b_rapa 2019 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 956 b_rapa|gb162|L33661 b_rapa 2020 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 957 banana|gb167|DN240239 banana 2021 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 958 banana|gb167|ES433381 banana 2022 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 959 banana|gb167|FF558372 banana 2023 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 960 banana|gb167|FF558518 banana 2024 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 961 banana|gb167|FL662140 banana 2025 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 962 barley|gb157.3|AL501882 barley 2026 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 963 barley|gb157.3|BE412576 barley 2027 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 964 barley|gb157.3|BQ768399 barley 2028 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.8 blastp 965 barley|gb157.3|DN183050 barley 2029 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.9 blastp 966 basilicum|gb157.3|DY331402 basilicum 2030 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 967 basilicum|gb157.3|DY344099 basilicum 2031 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 968 bean|gb167|CA897110 bean 2032 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 969 bean|gb167|CA897113 bean 2033 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 970 beet|gb162|BQ060487 beet 2034 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 971 brachypodium|gb169|BE398957 brachypodium 2035 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.04 tblastn 972 brachypodium|gb169|BE402469 brachypodium 2036 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.35 tblastn 973 brachypodium|gb169|BE403589 brachypodium 2037 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 95.4 blastp 974 brachypodium|gb169|BE406789 brachypodium 2038 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 975 bruguiera|gb166|BP949576 bruguiera 2039 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.39 tblastn 976 cacao|gb167|CA796567 cacao 2040 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 977 cacao|gb167|CU473326 cacao 2041 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 978 canola|gb161|AY196093 canola 2042 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 979 canola|gb161|CD811632 canola 2043 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 980 canola|gb161|CD812906 canola 2044 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 981 canola|gb161|CD820445 canola 2045 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 982 canola|gb161|CD822523 canola 2046 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 983 canola|gb161|CD823758 canola 2047 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 984 canola|gb161|CD827084 canola 2048 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 985 canola|gb161|CD829044 canola 2049 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 986 canola|gb161|CD840491 canola 2050 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 987 canola|gb161|CN730264 canola 2051 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 988 canola|gb161|CN731838 canola 2052 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 989 canola|gb161|CX190513 canola 2053 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 990 canola|gb161|CX280454 canola 2054 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 991 canola|gb161|CX280565 canola 2055 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 992 canola|gb161|H07559 canola 2056 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 993 cassava|gb164|CK647007 cassava 2057 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 95.4 blastp 994 cassava|gb164|CK650413 cassava 2058 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 95.4 blastp 995 cassava|gb164|CK652715 cassava 2059 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 95.4 blastp 996 castorbean|gb160|MDL29693M002016 castorbean 2060 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 997 castorbean|gb160|T14945 castorbean 2061 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 998 catharanthus|gb166|EG556977 catharanthus 2062 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.7 blastp 999 catharanthus|gb166|EG557933 catharanthus 2063 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1000 cenchrus|gb166|EB656767 cenchrus 2064 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1001 cenchrus|gb166|EB664187 cenchrus 2065 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1002 centaurea|gb166|EH724794 centaurea 2066 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1003 centaurea|gb166|EH739148 centaurea 2067 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1004 centaurea|gb166|EH748001 centaurea 2068 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 1005 centaurea|gb166|EH753801 centaurea 2069 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1006 centaurea|gb166|EH780000 centaurea 2070 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1007 cherry|gb157.2|EE488074 cherry 2071 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.05 tblastn 1008 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0002784 chestnut 2072 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1009 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0004532 chestnut 2073 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1010 chestnut|gb170|SRR006295S0010942 chestnut 2074 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1011 chlamydomonas|gb162|AW676072 chlamydomonas 2075 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 85.6 blastp 1012 cichorium|gb166|DT211087 cichorium 2076 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 1013 cichorium|gb166|DT214005 cichorium 2077 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1014 cichorium|gb166|EL356717 cichorium 2078 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1015 cichorium|gb166|EL365574 cichorium 2079 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1016 citrus|gb166|BQ623292 citrus 2080 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1017 citrus|gb166|BQ624114 citrus 2081 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1018 coffea|gb157.2|BQ449109 coffea 2082 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1019 coffea|gb157.2|DV673676 coffea 2083 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1020 cotton|gb164|AI726845 cotton 2084 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1021 cotton|gb164|AI730068 cotton 2085 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1022 cotton|gb164|BE054711 cotton 2086 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1023 cotton|gb164|BF271677 cotton 2087 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1024 cotton|gb164|CD485874 cotton 2088 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 81.46 tblastn 1025 cotton|gb164|DV849004 cotton 2089 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1026 cotton|gb164|ES792938 cotton 2090 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1027 cowpea|gb166|FC459672 cowpea 2091 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1028 cowpea|gb166|FF384317 cowpea 2092 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 81.6 blastp 1029 cowpea|gb166|FF385803 cowpea 2093 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1030 cowpea|gb166|FF389079 cowpea 2094 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 83.4 blastp 1031 cowpea|gb166|FF391295 cowpea 2095 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 1032 cryptomeria|gb166|BP173938 cryptomeria 2096 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1033 cryptomeria|gb166|BW994122 cryptomeria 2097 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1034 cycas|gb166|EX923616 cycas 2098 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1035 cycas|gb166|EX924938 cycas 2099 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.39 tblastn 1036 cynara|gb167|GE586142 cynara 2100 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1037 cynara|gb167|GE586173 cynara 2101 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1038 cynara|gb167|GE591726 cynara 2102 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 1039 dandelion|gb161|DY804347 dandelion 2103 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1040 dandelion|gb161|DY807877 dandelion 2104 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1041 eucalyptus|gb166|CB967799 eucalyptus 2105 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1042 eucalyptus|gb166|CT980941 eucalyptus 2106 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1043 fescue|gb161|DT679829 fescue 2107 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98 blastp 1044 fescue|gb161|DT682674 fescue 2108 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1045 fescue|gb161|DT688310 fescue 2109 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98 blastp 1046 flax|gb157.3|CV478813 flax 2110 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 tblastn 1047 ginger|gb164|DY372231 ginger 2111 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1048 grape|gb160|BQ796073 grape 2112 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1049 grape|gb160|BQ796330 grape 2113 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1050 grape|gb160|BQ800180 grape 2114 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1051 iceplant|gb164|BE034755 iceplant 2115 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1052 iceplant|gb164|CA833881 iceplant 2116 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1053 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ554031 ipomoea 2117 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1054 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ555694 ipomoea 2118 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.72 tblastn 1055 ipomoea|gb157.2|BJ557693 ipomoea 2119 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1056 ipomoea|gb157.2|BU691365 ipomoea 2120 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1057 kiwi|gb166|FG404658 kiwi 2121 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1058 kiwi|gb166|FG404746 kiwi 2122 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1059 kiwi|gb166|FG408063 kiwi 2123 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1060 lettuce|gb157.2|DW078606 lettuce 2124 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1061 leymus|gb166|EG388410 leymus 2125 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1062 liriodendron|gb166|CK743464 liriodendron 2126 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1063 liriodendron|gb166|CO998653 liriodendron 2127 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1064 lotus|gb157.2|AI967817 lotus 2128 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 1065 lotus|gb157.2|CB826697 lotus 2129 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 1066 lovegrass|gb167|DN480258 lovegrass 2130 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 99.3 blastp 1067 lovegrass|gb167|EH183996 lovegrass 2131 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1068 maize|gb170|AI612306 maize 2132 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1069 maize|gb170|AI967032 maize 2133 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1070 maize|gb170|AI979679 maize 2134 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 85.71 tblastn 1071 maize|gb170|AW054617 maize 2135 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1072 maize|gb170|AW165569 maize 2136 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1073 maize|gb170|LLBU037867 maize 2137 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 tblastn 1074 maize|gb170|LLDQ244878 maize 2138 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1075 maize|gb170|LLDQ245962 maize 2139 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1076 maize|gb170|T18275 maize 2140 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1077 marchantia|gb166|BJ841500 marchantia 2141 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 1078 marchantia|gb166|C95799 marchantia 2142 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1079 medicago|gb157.2|AA660312 medicago 2143 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 blastp 1080 medicago|gb157.2|AA660491 medicago 2144 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.7 blastp 1081 melon|gb165|AM713905 melon 2145 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1082 melon|gb165|AM719737 melon 2146 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 84.1 blastp 1083 melon|gb165|AM719902 melon 2147 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.76 tblastn 1084 melon|gb165|EB714362 melon 2148 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1085 mesostigma|gb166|DN254866 mesostigma 2149 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 86.3 blastp 1086 millet|gb161|CD724748 millet 2150 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1087 millet|gb161|CD725398 millet 2151 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.72 tblastn 1088 nuphar|gb166|CD475044 nuphar 2152 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1089 nuphar|gb166|CK757845 nuphar 2153 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1090 nuphar|gb166|CK767949 nuphar 2154 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1091 oak|gb170|DB996865 oak 2155 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1092 oak|gb170|DB998068 oak 2156 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1093 oak|gb170|DN949738 oak 2157 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1094 oil_palm|gb166|EL681750 oil_palm 2158 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1095 oil_palm|gb166|EL930220 oil_palm 2159 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1096 oil_palm|gb166|EL930363 oil_palm 2160 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1097 onion|gb162|BQ580074 onion 2161 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1098 papaya|gb165|EX231620 papaya 2162 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1099 papaya|gb165|EX252393 papaya 2163 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1100 peach|gb157.2|BU040848 peach 2164 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1101 peanut|gb167|CD037918 peanut 2165 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1102 peanut|gb167|CX018155 peanut 2166 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1103 pepper|gb157.2|BM061978 pepper 2167 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1104 pepper|gb157.2|BM062219 pepper 2168 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1105 pepper|gb157.2|BM066627 pepper 2169 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1106 periwinkle|gb164|EG556977 periwinkle 2170 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.7 blastp 1107 periwinkle|gb164|EG557933 periwinkle 2171 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1108 physcomitrella|gb157|AW127039 physcomitrella 2172 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 89.4 tblastn 1109 physcomitrella|gb157|BQ827306 physcomitrella 2173 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.7 blastp 1110 pine|gb157.2|AW010184 pine 2174 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1111 pine|gb157.2|BX248872 pine 2175 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1112 pine|gb157.2|BX251919 pine 2176 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1113 pine|gb157.2|DR102094 pine 2177 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.1 blastp 1114 pine|gb157.2|H75266 pine 2178 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1115 poplar|gb170|AI162468 poplar 2179 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1116 poplar|gb170|AI163154 poplar 2180 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1117 poplar|gb170|AI164614 poplar 2181 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1118 poplar|gb170|AI164759 poplar 2182 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1119 poppy|gb166|FE964530 poppy 2183 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1120 poppy|gb166|FE965652 poppy 2184 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1121 potato|gb157.2|AW906248 potato 2185 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1122 potato|gb157.2|BF459889 potato 2186 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1123 potato|gb157.2|BG350431 potato 2187 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1124 potato|gb157.2|BG351012 potato 2188 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1125 potato|gb157.2|BG351586 potato 2189 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.05 tblastn 1126 prunus|gb167|BQ641170 prunus 2190 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1127 prunus|gb167|BU040848 prunus 2191 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1128 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF343278 pseudoroegneria 2192 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1129 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF349878 pseudoroegneria 2193 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1130 radish|gb164|EV527917 radish 2194 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1131 radish|gb164|EV528399 radish 2195 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1132 radish|gb164|EV535656 radish 2196 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1133 radish|gb164|EV535984 radish 2197 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1134 radish|gb164|EV538012 radish 2198 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1135 radish|gb164|EV543948 radish 2199 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1136 radish|gb164|EV544942 radish 2200 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1137 radish|gb164|EV545164 radish 2201 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1138 radish|gb164|EV565378 radish 2202 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.05 tblastn 1139 radish|gb164|EV565564 radish 2203 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1140 radish|gb164|EV565962 radish 2204 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1141 radish|gb164|EV569172 radish 2205 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1142 radish|gb164|EV571678 radish 2206 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1143 radish|gb164|EW714068 radish 2207 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1144 radish|gb164|EW715107 radish 2208 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1145 radish|gb164|EW715768 radish 2209 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1146 radish|gb164|EX755320 radish 2210 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1147 radish|gb164|EX762413 radish 2211 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1148 radish|gb164|EX762524 radish 2212 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1149 radish|gb164|EX762893 radish 2213 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1150 radish|gb164|EY902515 radish 2214 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1151 radish|gb164|EY916898 radish 2215 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1152 radish|gb164|T25179 radish 2216 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1153 rice|gb170|OS02G06700 rice 2217 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98 blastp 1154 rose|gb157.2|EC586094 rose 2218 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1155 rye|gb164|BE494213 rye 2219 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.69 tblastn 1156 safflower|gb162|EL401182 safflower 2220 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 1157 safflower|gb162|EL403588 safflower 2221 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 1158 safflower|gb162|EL408982 safflower 2222 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 86.09 tblastn 1159 senecio|gb170|DY663041 senecio 2223 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 88.7 blastp 1160 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW120027 sorghum 2224 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1161 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE238630 sorghum 2225 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1162 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE367365 sorghum 2226 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1163 soybean|gb168|AI967817 soybean 2227 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1164 soybean|gb168|AJ388676 soybean 2228 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1165 soybean|gb168|AW349445 soybean 2229 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1166 spikemoss|gb165|DN837720 spikemoss 2230 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 87.4 blastp 1167 spikemoss|gb165|FE450939 spikemoss 2231 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 87.4 blastp 1168 spruce|gb162|CO216116 spruce 2232 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1169 spruce|gb162|CO227952 spruce 2233 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1170 spruce|gb162|DR449297 spruce 2234 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 84.8 blastp 1171 spruce|gb162|DR449808 spruce 2235 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.1 blastp 1172 spruce|gb162|DR474303 spruce 2236 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.8 blastp 1173 spruce|gb162|DR534167 spruce 2237 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.1 blastp 1174 spruce|gb162|DR579185 spruce 2238 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.8 blastp 1175 spurge|gb161|BE095303 spurge 2239 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.72 tblastn 1176 spurge|gb161|DV124297 spurge 2240 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1177 strawberry|gb164|CO380977 strawberry 2241 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1178 strawberry|gb164|CO817246 strawberry 2242 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1179 strawberry|gb164|EX670929 strawberry 2243 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 85.5 blastp 1180 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ529920 sugarcane 2244 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.35 tblastn 1181 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ533000 sugarcane 2245 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1182 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA076561 sugarcane 2246 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1183 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA102375 sugarcane 2247 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.03 tblastn 1184 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA123229 sugarcane 2248 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1185 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA137141 sugarcane 2249 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1186 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA230074 sugarcane 2250 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.72 tblastn 1187 sunflower|gb162|AJ318263 sunflower 2251 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 1188 sunflower|gb162|CD848093 sunflower 2252 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1189 sunflower|gb162|CD848805 sunflower 2253 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.1 blastp 1190 sunflower|gb162|EL430967 sunflower 2254 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.8 blastp 1191 switchgrass|gb167|DN149917 switchgrass 2255 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 1192 switchgrass|gb167|DN150990 switchgrass 2256 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1193 switchgrass|gb167|FE599497 switchgrass 2257 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1194 switchgrass|gb167|FE608350 switchgrass 2258 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96.7 blastp 1195 switchgrass|gb167|FE625398 switchgrass 2259 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.13 tblastn 1196 switchgrass|gb167|FE627660 switchgrass 2260 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98.7 blastp 1197 switchgrass|gb167|FE634044 switchgrass 2261 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 98 blastp 1198 switchgrass|gb167|FE637032 switchgrass 2262 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1199 switchgrass|gb167|FL948269 switchgrass 2263 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.12 tblastn 1200 switchgrass|gb167|GD043911 switchgrass 2264 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.13 tblastn 1201 tamarix|gb166|EG966933 tamarix 2265 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1202 tamarix|gb166|EG972900 tamarix 2266 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.8 blastp 1203 thellungiella|gb167|BY818453 thellungiella 2267 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1204 thellungiella|gb167|DN775374 thellungiella 2268 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94 blastp 1205 tobacco|gb162|AM816373 tobacco 2269 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 81.5 blastp 1206 tobacco|gb162|CN498843 tobacco 2270 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.2 blastp 1207 tobacco|gb162|CV019114 tobacco 2271 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1208 tobacco|gb162|CV020233 tobacco 2272 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1209 tobacco|gb162|CV021807 tobacco 2273 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1210 tobacco|gb162|NTU66262 tobacco 2274 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 90.7 blastp 1211 tomato|gb164|BG123159 tomato 2275 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1212 tomato|gb164|BG123562 tomato 2276 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1213 tomato|gb164|U21078 tomato 2277 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1214 triphysaria|gb164|BM357412 triphysaria 2278 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.7 blastp 1215 triphysaria|gb164|EX988766 triphysaria 2279 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1216 triphysaria|gb164|EX990185 triphysaria 2280 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1217 triphysaria|gb164|EX992752 triphysaria 2281 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1218 volvox|gb162|AW676072 volvox 2282 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 85 blastp 1219 walnuts|gb166|CV197623 walnuts 2283 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 92.1 blastp 1220 walnuts|gb166|EL891118 walnuts 2284 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 blastp 1221 wheat|gb164|AL827137 wheat 2285 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1222 wheat|gb164|BE398647 wheat 2286 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1223 wheat|gb164|BE398957 wheat 2287 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 97.4 blastp 1224 wheat|gb164|BE405321 wheat 2288 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 96 blastp 1225 wheat|gb164|BE406789 wheat 2289 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 95.4 blastp 1226 wheat|gb164|BJ240969 wheat 2290 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.79 tblastn 1227 wheat|gb164|BM135152 wheat 2291 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 82.9 blastp 1228 wheat|gb164|CA616908 wheat 2292 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 94.7 tblastn 1229 wheat|gb164|CJ652504 wheat 2293 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 93.4 blastp 1230 wheat|gb164|DN829631 wheat 2294 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 80.92 tblastn 1231 zamia|gb166|DY032098 zamia 2295 234 rice|gb157.2|BE039784 91.4 blastp 1232 barley|gb157.3|BE412461 barley 2296 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 87.9 blastp 1233 brachypodium|gb169|BE404324 brachypodium 2297 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 86.4 blastp 1234 cenchrus|gb166|EB653779 cenchrus 2298 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 94.8 blastp 1235 fescue|gb161|DT696747 fescue 2299 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 85.6 blastp 1236 leymus|gb166|EG375640 leymus 2300 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 88.8 blastp 1237 lovegrass|gb167|EH189611 lovegrass 2301 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 92 blastp 1238 maize|gb170|AI944307 maize 2302 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 94.4 blastp 1239 oat|gb164|BE439172 oat 2303 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 85.58 tblastn 1240 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF354244 pseudoroegneria 2304 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 88.4 blastp 1241 rice|gb170|OS02G53790 rice 2305 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 89.3 blastp 1242 rice|gb170|OS07G43170 rice 2306 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 90.1 blastp 1243 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW011679 sorghum 2307 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 95.8 blastp 1244 sorghum|gb161.crp|CD231888 sorghum 2308 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 90.6 blastp 1245 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA072943 sugarcane 2309 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 95.3 blastp 1246 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA090072 sugarcane 2310 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 95.8 blastp 1247 switchgrass|gb167|DN145249 switchgrass 2311 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 92.5 blastp 1248 switchgrass|gb167|FE626130 switchgrass 2312 236 maize|gb164|AI619269 93.4 blastp 1249 arabidopsis|gb165|AT3G01300 arabidopsis 2313 237 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G15080 83.3 blastp 1250 b_rapa|gb162|CA992096 b_rapa 2314 237 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G15080 82.5 blastp 1251 canola|gb161|EE473973 canola 2315 237 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G15080 82.3 blastp 1252 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60690 arabidopsis 2316 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 84.1 blastp 1253 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60710 arabidopsis 2317 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 83.2 blastp 1254 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60730 arabidopsis 2318 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 84.44 tblastn 1255 b_rapa|gb162|ES935213 b_rapa 2319 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 82.1 blastp 1256 canola|gb161|CD815566 canola 2320 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 80.6 blastp 1257 canola|gb161|CD819004 canola 2321 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 81.5 blastp 1258 canola|gb161|DY003163 canola 2322 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 81.8 blastp 1259 radish|gb164|EV524749 radish 2323 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 81.6 blastp 1260 radish|gb164|EV544729 radish 2324 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680 81.8 blastp 1261 b_rapa|gb162|EX018587 b_rapa 2325 242 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G43910 85.3 blastp 1262 canola|gb161|EE452442 canola 2326 242 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G43910 91.5 blastp 1263 radish|gb164|EX749875 radish 2327 243 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G47530 91.94 tblastn 1264 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G30940 arabidopsis 2328 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 88.3 blastp 1265 castorbean|gb160|EG675736 castorbean 2329 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 83.6 blastp 1266 cotton|gb164|CO495384 cotton 2330 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 83.3 blastp 1267 nicotiana_benthamiana|gb162|CK280239 nicotiana_benthamiana 2331 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 80.1 blastp 1268 poplar|gb170|CA822859 poplar 2332 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 81.2 blastp 1269 poplar|gb170|CV237453 poplar 2333 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 81.8 blastp 1270 potato|gb157.2|CK243505 potato 2334 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 83.1 blastp 1271 soybean|gb168|AW586330 soybean 2335 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 80.3 blastp 1272 soybean|gb168|BP073481 soybean 2336 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240 80.4 blastp 1273 barley|gb157.3|AL502083 barley 2337 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 89.93 tblastn 1274 brachypodium|gb169|BE471061 brachypodium 2338 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 90.3 blastp 1275 maize|gb170|AW066842 maize 2339 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 88.1 blastp 1276 maize|gb170|CF021466 maize 2340 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 81 blastp 1277 maize|gb170|LLCD975615 maize 2341 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 88.8 blastp 1278 maize|gb170|T12700 maize 2342 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 91.8 blastp 1279 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW066842 sorghum 2343 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 92.9 blastp 1280 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW747438 sorghum 2344 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 82.1 blastp 1281 sugarcane|gb157.3|BU925651 sugarcane 2345 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 88.27 tblastn 1282 switchgrass|gb167|FL745129 switchgrass 2346 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 91.8 blastp 1283 wheat|gb164|BE471061 wheat 2347 246 rice|gb157.2|BI807603 89.7 blastp 1284 rice|gb170|OS01G09340 rice 2348 247 rice|gb157.2|AU068829 86.29 tblastn 1285 brachypodium|gb169|AV835247 brachypodium 2349 248 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 86.7 blastp 1286 maize|gb170|BG835950 maize 2350 248 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 80.7 blastp 1287 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE598733 sorghum 2351 248 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 81.4 blastp 1288 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA101548 sugarcane 2352 248 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 84.5 blastp 1289 switchgrass|gb167|FE639520 switchgrass 2353 248 rice|gb157.2|AA752451 88.9 blastp 1290 barley|gb157.3|AL511842 barley 2354 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 98.4 blastp 1291 brachypodium|gb169|BE488258 brachypodium 2355 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 93.4 blastp 1292 fescue|gb161|DT699211 fescue 2356 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 90.2 blastp 1293 leymus|gb166|CD808752 leymus 2357 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 97.6 blastp 1294 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF347865 pseudoroegneria 2358 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 99.2 blastp 1295 rice|gb170|OS08G45190 rice 2359 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 81.9 blastp 1296 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW287236 sorghum 2360 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 83.7 blastp 1297 wheat|gb164|BE488191 wheat 2361 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454 99.2 blastp 1298 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70830 arabidopsis 2362 251 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70850 85.4 blastp 1299 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70830T4 arabidopsis 2363 251 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70850 88.24 tblastn 1300 barley|gb157.3|BE420890 barley 2364 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 81.5 blastp 1301 brachypodium|gb169|BE401954 brachypodium 2365 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 83 blastp 1302 cenchrus|gb166|EB656949 cenchrus 2366 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 89.1 blastp 1303 fescue|gb161|DT686385 fescue 2367 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 80.1 blastp 1304 leymus|gb166|CN466500 leymus 2368 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 82.2 blastp 1305 maize|gb170|AF093538 maize 2369 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 91.3 blastp 1306 maize|gb170|T18303 maize 2370 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 94.9 blastp 1307 pseudoroegneria|gb167|FF348742 pseudoroegneria 2371 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 81.2 blastp 1308 rice|gb170|OS09G19734T3 rice 2372 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 83.7 blastp 1309 sugarcane|gb157.3|BQ533149 sugarcane 2373 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 97.5 blastp 1310 switchgrass|gb167|DN141290 switchgrass 2374 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 89.1 blastp 1311 switchgrass|gb167|DN141310 switchgrass 2375 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 89.5 blastp 1312 wheat|gb164|BE406144 wheat 2376 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 81.5 blastp 1313 wheat|gb164|BF200548 wheat 2377 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 81.9 blastp 1314 wheat|gb164|X77733 wheat 2378 254 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303 81.2 blastp 1315 maize|gb170|CD936650 maize 2379 269 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923465 89.12 tblastn 1315 maize|gb170|CD936650 maize 2379 256 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW923545 88.85 tblastn 1316 aquilegia|gb157.3|DR915439 aquilegia 2380 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 81.1 blastp 1317 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G34470 arabidopsis 2381 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 80.11 tblastn 1318 castorbean|gb160|EE258327 castorbean 2382 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 81 blastp 1319 castorbean|gb160|MDL29728M000834 castorbean 2383 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 81.56 tblastn 1320 grape|gb160|CB035795 grape 2384 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 82.4 blastp 1321 radish|gb164|EW714634 radish 2385 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900 89.74 tblastn 1322 maize|gb170|CF021816 maize 2386 259 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW672541 88.3 blastp 1323 maize|gb170|CO527882 maize 2387 259 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW672541 85 blastp 1324 switchgrass|gb167|FE626524 switchgrass 2388 259 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW672541 85.4 blastp 1325 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA069240 sugarcane 2389 262 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE123399 89.08 tblastn 1326 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA078694 sugarcane 2390 262 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE123399 88.4 blastp 1327 maize|gb170|AI901557 maize 2391 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 86.2 blastp 1328 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW286491 sorghum 2392 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 98.5 blastp 1329 sugarcane|gb157.3|CA068682 sugarcane 2393 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 93.9 blastp 1330 switchgrass|gb167|DN146139 switchgrass 2394 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 83.6 blastp 1331 switchgrass|gb167|FE604486 switchgrass 2395 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557 82.7 blastp 1332 maize|gb170|CD945482 maize 2396 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 81.53 tblastn 1333 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE599314 sorghum 2397 265 maize|gb164|AI974922 80.49 tblastn Table 21: Provided are the homologous polypeptides (polypep.) and polynucleotides (polynucl.) of the genes and polypeptides identified in Table 20, which are capable of increase nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance and/or water use efficiency of a plant. Homology was calculated as % of identity over the aligned sequences. The query sequences were polypeptide sequences SEQ ID NOs: 138-269 and the subject sequences are polypeptide sequences or nucleotide sequences which were dynamically translated in all six reading frames identified in the database based on greater than 80% identity to the query polypeptide sequences.

Example 3 Gene Cloning and Generation of Binary Vectors for Expression in Plants

Cloning Strategy

Genes presented in Examples 1 and 2 above were cloned into binary vectors for the generation of transgenic plants. For cloning, the full-length open reading frames (ORF) were first identified. EST clusters and in some cases mRNA sequences were analyzed to identify the entire open reading frame of each gene, by comparing the results of several translation algorithms to known proteins from other plant species.

In order to clone the full-length cDNAs, Reverse Transcription followed by PCR (RT-PCR) was performed on total RNA extracted from leaves, roots, fibers or other plant tissues, growing under either normal, nutrient deficient or other abiotic stress conditions. Total RNA extraction, production of cDNA and PCR amplification was performed using standard protocols described elsewhere (Sambrook J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual., 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.), which are well known to those skilled in the art. PCR products were purified using PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and sequencing of the amplified PCR products was performed, using ABI 377 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). In case of none or weak PCR product bands were visible on Ethidium Bromide—stained 1% agarose gels, 0.1-1 μL of the PCR product was used as a DNA template, and PCR amplification was effected using either the same or new set of primers, designed internally to the first set of primers. In such cases, the set of primers which is expected to produce the longer PCR product is designated External primers set (EF and ER for External-Forward and External-Reverse, respectively), and the set of primers which expected to produce the shorter PCR product is designated Nested primers set (NF and NR for Nested-Forward and Nested-Reverse, respectively), as illustrated in Table 22 below. Cloning of the cotton genes CT75, CT7, CT76, CT71, CT74, CT11, CT20, CT81, CT22, CT82, CT3, CT40, CT1, CT6, CT27 and CT2 was performed using only one set of primers, as detailed in WO Publication No: WO2005/121364.

To facilitate cloning of the cDNAs, a 7-12 bp extension was added to the 5′ prime end of most of the primers. The primer extension includes an endonuclease restriction site (Table 22). The restriction sites were selected using two parameters: (a). The site does not exist in the cDNA sequence; and (b). The restriction sites in the forward and reverse primers are designed such that the digested cDNA is inserted in the sense formation into the binary vector utilized for transformation. Table 22, hereinbelow, provides the primers designation, restriction endonuclease sites added for the subsequent cloning, and sequences of each primer used for the amplification of the genes of the some embodiments of the invention.

TABLE 22 PCR primers used for cloning and for screening positive clones SEQ SEQ Gene ID Enz. Primers for cloning ID NO: Primers for screening ID NO: Plas. NUE227 SalI, NUE227_ TTAGTCGACAGAGA 2564 101-F GCTATGACCATGATT 2860 pGXN EF_SalI AGAGGCAAGAACAA ACGCC CTAG XbaI NUE227_ TATCTAGACGATCG 2565 ER_XbaI GTGTCCACTGTACA G NUE227_ TTAGTCGACACTAG 2566 NF_SalI CTGCATGGCAATGG NUE227_ TTAGTCGACACTAG 2567 NUE227_ TATCTAGATTAACGC 2861 NR_XbaI CTGCATGGCAATGG NR_XbaI GTTGATCGATCAGC NUE233 SalI, NUE233_ TTAGTCGACCTCGA 2568 pKsJ or EF_SalI AATCCTTCCCAAGA Topo C XbaI NUE233_ TATCTAGAGTCACA 2569 ER_XbaI GAATAGTACACGTA CACAAC NUE233_ TTAGTCGACCGCAC 2570 NF_SalI GCTTCTCCATTTC NUE233_ TATCTAGATCAAAC 2571 NR_XbaI TAAGTACTCCAGTA ACAAC NUE237 SalI, NUE237_ AAAGTCGACCCTCT 2572 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2862 pGXN EF_SalI CTCTCGTTTCGATT CTTGAG CC XbaI NUE237_ ATTCTAGATCAACC 2573 NUE237_ ACTCTAGAACTCTAT 2863 ER_XbaI ACATAGCCTAGAGC NR_XbaI TAACAATGCACGGAG AC NUE237_ AAAGTCGACAGATT 2574 NF_SalI CGATCCAACCAAAC C NUE237_ ACTCTAGAACTCTA 2575 NR_XbaI TTAACAATGCACGG AG NUE241 SalI, NUE241_ AAAGTCGACAATTC 2576 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2864 pGXN EF_SalI TTCTTTGTTTGCTT CTTGAG GC XbaI NUE241_ ATTCTAGATAAATG 2577 NUE241_ ATTCTAGATCACAAT 2865 ER_XbaI CTGATATAGGACAA NR_XbaI AGAAACATCCTCCCT AGC C NUE241_ AAAGTCGACGAAGA 2578 NF_SalI AAACCCACAAAACC AG NUE241_ ATTCTAGATCACAA 2579 NR_XbaI TAGAAACATCCTCC CTC NUE242 XbaI, NUE242_ TATCTAGAGAGAAG 2580 p35S_F2 GGACAGGCTTCTTGA 2866 pGXN EF_XbaI AGAGAGACTTTGAA GATCCT GATG SacI NUE242_ TGAGCTCTTAAGAG 2581 NUE242_ TGAGCTCTTATTAGG 2867 ER_SacI TAGACACAACTCCT NR_SacI AAGCAACTTCAAGAA GCG ATG SalI, NUE242_ TTAGTCGACTGAAG 2582 NF_SalI ATGGAAGCAAACTC TAAC SacI NUE242_ TGAGCTCTTATTAG 2583 NR_SacI GAAGCAACTTCAAG AAATG NUE255 EcoRV NUE255_ ATGATATCCCTCCA 2584 p35S_F2 GGACAGGCTTCTTGA 2868 Topo EF_EcoRV ACCTCTCTCCCAAC GATCCT NUE255_ TAGATATCGATTGC 2585 NUE255_ TAGATATCTCATCAT 2869 ER_EcoRV TTCTTGTACTCTGA NR_EcoRV TTGATCAGCTTTAGC TCATC G NUE255_ ATGATATCCAAGAA 2586 NR_EcoRV TTAAGGTGTAGCAA CC NUE255_ TAGATATCTCATCA 2587 NR_EcoRV TTTGATCAGCTTTA GCG NUE269 SalI, NUE269_ TATGTCGACACAAG 2588 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2870 pGXN NF_SalI GAAATGATGGCTAT CTTGAG TG XbaI NUE269_ TATCTAGACACCAC 2589 NUE269_ TATCTAGACACCACA 2871 NR_XbaI AACATGATAGCTT NR_XbaI ACATGATAGCTTTTG TTG NUE521 Sal, NUE52 AAGGTCGACCTGGG 2590 p35S_F2 GGACAGGCTTCTTGA 2872 pGXN 1 NF Sal AGCTAGCTTTGGAG GATCCT Xba NUE52 ACTCTAGATCACAC 2591 NUE52 1 ER Xba CGATTCCACACATA 1 NR Xba CGTCTAGATCAGATC 2873 AC GTGTTGAGCACTTGA GC NUE52 AAGGTCGACCTGGG 2592 1 NF Sal AGCTAGCTTTGGAG NUE52 CGTCTAGATCAGAT 2593 1 NR Xba CGTGTTGAGCACTT GAGC NUE554 SmaI, NUE554_ TCCCGGGCTCCGTC 2594 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2874 pGXN EF_SmaI TCTAGGGTTTGAG CTTGAG SacI NUE554_ TGAGCTCTCAGTGA 2595 NUE554_ TGAGCTCTCAGTGAT 2875 ER_SacI TTGGAACTCTAGAT ER_SacI TGGAACTCTAGATCT CTTG TG NUE562 XbaI, NUE562_ TATCTAGACTTGAG 2596 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2876 pGXN EF_XbaI CTAGGGTTTTATCG CTTGAG C SacI NUE562_ TGAGCTCTTAATGC 2597 NUE562_ TGAGCTCTTATGAAG 2877 ER_SacI AGACGGTAACATCT NR_SacI ATTACAGCCTCCTAC AGG C NUE562_ TATCTAGAAACAAT 2598 NF_XbaI GTCCGGGAGGAAGA AGAC NUE562_ TGAGCTCTTATGAA 2599 NR_SacI GATTACAGCCTCCT ACC NUE567 Sal, NUE567_ AGAGTCGACGTGAC 2600 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2878 pGXN EF_Sal ATAAAATCCATGGC CTTGAG TG Xba NUE567_ TATCTAGATCAGCT 2601 NUE567 ACCTCTAGATCATTA 2879 ER_Xba TACACAAGCCCTTA NR Xba AGTGGCTTTCCAGGA GCA AG NUE567_ GAGGTCGACAATCC 2602 NF Sal ATGGCTGAAGCTTG NUE56 ACCTCTAGATCATT 2603 7 NR Xba AAGTGGCTTTCCAG GAAG NUE568 Sal, NUE568 AGAGTCGACCGCAA 2604 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2880 pGXN EF Sal CGGAAAACAAATC CTTGAG Xba NUE568 TATCTAGAAGATAG 2605 NUE568 TATCTAGATCATGTT 2881 ER Xba GCTTATCTCAATGG NR Xba CACTGAGTAACGATA CT CTAACAG NUE568 TAGGTCGACACAAA 2606 NF Sal TCCGCCAATGGAAG NUE568 TATCTAGATCATGT 2607 NR Xba TCACTGAGTAACGA TACTAACAG NUE573 Sal, NUE573 TAGGTCGACGAGAG 2608 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2882 pKsJ EF Sal AAATCCATGGAGAC CTTGAG G Sac NUE573_ CGAGCTCAATTTCA 2609 NUE573 CGAGCTCTCAGTACA 2883 ER Sac GTACAGGATTTAAA NR Sac GGATTTAAACCAAGA CC CA Sma, NUE573_ ACCCGGGAGACGAT 2610 NF Sma GACGATGAAGGTTG Sac NUE573 CGAGCTCTCAGTAC 2611 NR Sac AGGATTTAAACCAA GACA NUE575 EcoRV NUE575_ AAGATATCCCAAAC 2612 NUE575_ AAGATATCCCAAACA 2884 pKsJ NF_EcoRV ACCAAACCCTCG NF_EcoRV CCAAACCCTCG NUE575_ TAGATATCTCATCA 2613 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 2885 NR_EcoRV TATTCCTAGCTTAT AGGGT CAACCTC NUE585 SalI, NUE585_ AAAGTCGACCGATT 2614 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2886 pGXN EF_SalI TCTGCTTCGATCTC CTTGAG TAC XbaI NUE585_ ATTCTAGACCTTCT 2615 NUE585_ ATTCTAGATTAGTTT 2887 ER_XbaI TCGATCTTCTTGAA NR_XbaI GCAGTTATCGCAGTG CC G NUE585_ AAAGTCGACGTCTG 2616 NF_SalI GGTCGAAGTTAAAT AGG NUE585_ ATTCTAGATTAGTT 2617 NR_XbaI TGCAGTTATCGCAG TGG NUE587 SalI, NUE587_ AAAGTCGACGTTCC 2618 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2888 pGXN EF_SalI ATTGGAGGAGAATC CTTGAG G XbaI NUE587_ ATTCTAGATTCAAA 2619 NUE587_ ATTCTAGATTATTTC 2889 ER_XbaI AGGAAAATGGAGAG NR_XbaI AAACATGAAATGAGT G TGC NUE587_ AAAGTCGACAAAGG 2620 NF_SalI CTTGGAAAGGAAGG NUE587_ ATTCTAGATTATTT 2621 NR_XbaI CAAACATGAAATGA GTTGC NUE528 Sac NUE528_ AGAGCTCAACCCTA 2622 101F GCTATGACCATGATT 2890 pGXN EF_Sac ACGTTTCGATCG ACGCC SalI, NUE528_ TGAGCTCTTCCAGA 2623 NUE528_ TGAGCTCTGGCCTTC 2891 ER_Sac AGTAGCATCTTTCG NR_Sac ACCCTCTATATCTC NUE528_ AATGTCGACGAAGC 2624 NF_SalI GTCTGAGCCAGTCC NUE528_ TGAGCTCTGGCCTT 2625 NR_Sac CACCCTCTATATCT C NUE535 Sal, NUE535_ ATTGTCGACGAGTA 2626 101_F GCTATGACCATGATT 2892 pGXN NF_Sal TGCTTTCCGATGGG ACGCC XbaI NUE535_ TTTCTAGACTATGA 2627 NUE535_ TTTCTAGACTATGAA 2893 NR_XbaI ATGAATCCGTGACT NR_XbaI TGAATCCGTGACTCT CTTG TG NUE538 Sal, NUE538_ ATTGTCGACCACGA 2628 NUE538_ ATTGTCGACCACGAC 2894 pKSJ EF_Sal CCATTCTTCATTTT EF_Sal CATTCTTCATTTTCC CC Sma NUE538_ TCCCGGGTTAGAAC 2629 NOS R GCGGGACTCTAATCA 2895 ER_Sma TGAGTCTGAAAGGA TAAAAACC TGG NUE548 Sal NUE548_ AATGTCGACGTCCT 2630 101_F GCTATGACCATGATT 2896 pGXN NF_Sal AATACTATACTCGC ACGCC AATCC Xba NUE548_ AATCTAGATCAACC 2631 NUE548_ AATCTAGATCAACCA 2897 NR_Xba AACTAGTTTGCAGC NR_Xba ACTAGTTTGCAGCTC TCCT CT NUE537 Sal, NUE537_ TAAGTCGACCAAAC 2632 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2898 pGXN NF_Sal AACATGTCTGCCTG TTCTTG TG Xba NUE537_ ATTCTAGATTAACA 2633 NUE537_ TAAGTCGACCAAACA 2899 NR_Xba CATCGTTTGGTGCA NF_Sal ACATGTCTGCCTGTG TAGC NUE551 Sal, NUE551_ AATGTCGACGTTGA 2634 NUE551_ GTCAAGCTGTGCTGT 2900 pGXN NF_Sal TCAGTCAGCCCACT seqF CTTCC TC Xba NUE551_ TATCTAGAGACATA 2635 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2901 ER_Xba ATCCATCAACGGTT TTCTTG G NUE553 Xba. NUE553_ AATCTAGACTCACG 2636 NUE553_ AATCTAGAGACACGG 2902 pGXN EF_Xba AATCCACCGATCAG NF_Xba ACCGAACAGCTAG Sma NUE553_ TCCCGGGACACACA 2637 NOS_R GCGGGACTCTAATCA 2903 ER_Sma TCATGGCTGTTACA TAAAAACC G NUE553_ AATCTAGAGACACG 2638 NF_Xba GACCGAACAGCTAG NUE553_ TCCCGGGCGACTTC 2639 NR_Sma ATATACAGACGGAT G NUE511 Xba. NUE511_ AATCTAGAGATTAG 2640 NUE511_ AATCTAGAGATTAGG 2904 pGXN EF_Xba GAGCAGGGACCAAT EF_Xba AGCAGGGACCAATC C Sac NUE511_ TGAGCTCTTAGGTA 2641 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2905 NR_Sac CATGATGACATTTC TTCTTG AGCA NUE512 Xba. NUE512_ AATCTAGACCTATT 2642 NUE512_ AATCTAGACCTATTG 2906 pGXN NF_Xba GCTCATGATGTTTG NF_Xba CTCATGATGTTTGA A Sac NUE512_ TGAGCTCTTACAAA 2643 Nos_R GCGGGACTCTAATCA 2907 NR_Sac GGCAGGAAATACAG TAAAAACC AAG NUE542 XbaI, NUE542_ TATCTAGAAATTTA 2644 NUE542_ GTACGTCTCCGTCCG 2908 pGXN EF_XbaI GCTCGTTGATGATG seqF ACAAC G SacI NUE542_ TGAGCTCCTAGTGT 2645 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2909 ER_sacI CCATGTCAATGATG TTCTTG TC NUE542_ TATCTAGATAGCTC 2646 NF_XbaI GTTGATGATGGAGG NUE542_ TGAGCTCTTATCCA 2647 NR_SacI TGTCAATGATGTCC ATC NUE569 SalI NUE569_ AAAGTCGACGCTAC 2648 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2910 pGXN NF_SalI TGCTTCTTCTGTTC CTTGAG ACC SacI NUE569_ TGAGCTCTACTACC 2649 NUE569_ GAGATGGAGCCTTGT 2911 NR_SacI ATAGAACTGAAGAA seqR CATGA GAAGTC NUE244 SalI, NUE244_ TTAGTCGACTAGAC 2650 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2912 pGXN NF_SalI TGATGGGAAGTGTT CTTGAG CC XbaI NUE244_ TATCTAGACTACTA 2651 NUE244_ TATCTAGACTACTAC 2913 NR_XbaI CACGGATTGCCCAA NR_XbaI ACGGATTGCCCAAAC AC NUE577 NUE577_ AATCTAGAGTTTAT 2652 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2914 TopoB NF_XbaI CTTGTTTTGGGTTT CTTGAG GG NUE577_ TCCCGGGGTGAAAG 2653 NUE577_ TCCCGGGGTGAAAGA 2915 NR_SmaI ATCTCAGACCACCT NR_SmaI TCTCAGACCACCTC C NUE253 XbaI, NUE253_ TATCTAGACTTCTT 2654 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2916 pKSJ EF_XbaI CCTCCATATCACAC CTTGAG G SmaI NUE253_ TCCCGGGTCACGTG 2655 ER_SmaI GCATGCATGATCTG NUE253_ TATCTAGAAACAAT 2656 NUE253_ TCCCGGGTCATCACT 2917 NF_XbaI GGATGGGGAGGAGG NR_SmaI CGCTCTCGAATTCC AC NUE253_ TCCCGGGTCATCAC 2657 NR_SmaI TCGCTCTCGAATTC C NUE583 XbaI. NUE583_ TATCTAGACACGAA 2658 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2918 pGXN EF_XbaI TCAACCCACCAGAG CTTGAG SacI NUE583_ TGAGCTCTCAATGC 2659 NUE583_ TGAGCTCTCATCAGA 2919 ER_SacI CGATCATCAGTGCT NR_SacI ACCGGAAGAAGTTGG AAG NUE583_ TATCTAGAAACAAT 2660 NF_XbaI GCCTTGGGTTTATC ATCC NUE583_ TGAGCTCTCATCAG 2661 NR_SacI AACCGGAAGAAGTT GG NUE235 XbaI, NUE235_ TATCTAGAATTGAG 2662 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2920 pGXN EF_XbaI CAGAGGAGCCATG CTTGAG SacI NUE235_ TGAGCTCCTACACA 2663 NUE235_ TGAGCTCTTAAGTGC 2921 ER_SacI GGGTGCCAGATCTC NR_SacI AAGTTGTCAATCCTA TTG NUE235_ TATCTAGAGGAGCC 2664 NF_XbaI ATGGCCAAAATC NUE235_ TGAGCTCTTAAGTG 2665 NR_SacI CAAGTTGTCAATCC TATTG NUE231 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2922 CTTGAG GA NUE231_ CCTGAGAGGGCGATC 2923 GA_R ATATC NUE513 XbaI, NUE513_ AATCTAGAGATGAT 2666 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2924 pKSJ NF_XbaI GGTTTGATGCAGAT CTTGAG G SmaI NUE513_ TCCCGGGCTAACGT 2667 NUE513_ CTGCTTTGACATGGC 2925 NR_SmaI AGTTTCTTACCAAC seqR TTAGAC CAAAC NUE516 SalI, NUE516_ AATGTCGACGAGAG 2668 p35S_F2 GGACAGGCTTCTTGA 2926 pGXN NF_SalI AAGGGTGTAATGAG GATCCT CTG XbaI NUE516_ TATCTAGATCATCA 2669 NUE516_ TATCTAGATCATCAG 2927 NR_XbaI GTAGGGGTTCCTAT NR_XbaI TAGGGGTTCCTATGT GTGG GG NUE223 SalI, NUE223_ AAAGTCGACCAAGA 2670 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2928 pGXN NF_SalI GGTAGCACATCCTC CTTGAG TCC XbaI NUE223_ ATTCTAGACCGGAT 2671 NUE223_ ATTCTAGACCGGATT 2929 NR_XbaI TGAACTAATTAACG NR_XbaI GAACTAATTAACGAC AC NUE540 SalI, NUE540_ AAAGTCGACAGGAA 2672 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2930 pGXN NF_SalI GATTGTGAGCATTG CTTGAG AAG XbaI NUE540_ ATTCTAGACACCTA 2673 NUE540_ CATACCAACATGTTC 2931 NR_XbaI ATGATCTCACTTGT ER_NdeI GACCAC AAGG NUE544 SalI, NUE544_ TTAGTCGACAGCCT 2674 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2932 pKSJ EF_SalI TGCCTTGTTTCTTC CTTGAG SmaI NUE544_ TCCCGGGCAACTTA 2675 NUE544_ TCCCGGGCTTTCATC 2933 ER_SmaI TACACTCAACCAAA NR_SmaI CATGTGTGCAGTG GC NUE544_ TTAGTCGACCATAC 2676 NF_SalI ACACACAGTGAGAG GTAGG NUE544_ TCCCGGGCTTTCAT 2677 NR_SmaI CCATGTGTGCAGTG NUE560 XbaI, NUE560_ AATCTAGAAGAAAC 2678 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2934 pGXN EF_XbaI CCAGAGGAGCAGC CTTGAG SacI NUE560_ CGAGCTCAAGGGAT 2679 NUE560_ TGAGCTCCTACTTCT 2935 ER_SacI TATTATTGCAGGTT NR_SacI AGGCCTTGTTGCTGC G NUE560_ AATCTAGAGAAGCA 2680 NF_XbaI GGAAGGAAGCAGAG NUE560_ TGAGCTCCTACTTC 2681 NR_SacI TAGGCCTTGTTGCT GC NUE563 XbaI, NUE563_ AATCTAGAGATAAC 2682 NUE563_ ATTCTAGATCACAGC 2936 pGXN EF_XbaI ATCAGTAGTTCGCA NF_XbaI AACACAATCACCAC GC SacI NUE563_ CGAGCTCAACACAC 2683 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 2937 ER_SacI TCACACCAAAAGTC AGGGT C NUE563_ ATTCTAGATCACAG 2684 NF_XbaI CAACACAATCACCA C NUE563_ TGAGCTCCACTGCT 2685 NR_SacI ACTGAAGGCAAATT C NUE565 XbaI NUE565_ ATTCTAGATTTTCC 2686 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2938 pGXN EF_XbaI TGGATTTTGTTTTC CTTGAG TC SacI NUE565_ TGAGCTCTCAATTA 2687 NUE565_ TGAGCTCCTACTTGA ER_SacI AAGAGTTACCCTAA NR_SacI GCCTTCTAGCTCTGT CG TC NUE565_ ATTCTAGAGATTTG 2688 NF_XbaI GGGAAAAGCTATGG NUE565_ TGAGCTCCTACTTG 2689 NR_SacI AGCCTTCTAGCTCT GTTC NUE566 SalI NUE566_ TACGTCGACTTCAC 2690 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2940 Topo EF_SalI ATGTCTTGACTAGT CTTGAG TCATATG NUE566_ TAAGTCGACACGAT 2691 NUE566_R CGAAGGCATAGACGT 2941 ER_SalI ACATTCAATACAAT CTGTC CACC NUE566_ TTAGTCGACCTTCC 2692 NF_SalI ATCATGCTCCCAAA G NUE566_ TAAGTCGACTCAAC 2693 NR_SalI TCAGCATCACGTCT CAGC NUE586 SalI, NUE586_ AATGTCGACTCGTT 2694 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2942 pKSJ EF_SalI TCTCCTCTAACGTC CTTGAG AAC SamI NUE586_ TCCCGGGTCAGCAG 2695 NUE586_R CATCGAAGCACTTCT 2943 ER_SmaI CTCTCTGTCTGTTA CAACTG C NUE586_ ATAGTCGACGTTTA 2696 NF_SalI ACATAGTTGGGGCT AGG NUE586_ CCCCGGGATAAGCC 2697 NR_SmaI AGGAGATGAAAGGA G NUE588 SalI, NUE588_ AAAGTCGACGATCG 2698 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2944 pGXN NF_SalI AAAAGAGAAGAGGA CTTGAG GC XbaI NUE588_ ATTCTAGACTAATC 2699 NUE588_ ATTCTAGACTAATCT 2945 NR_XbaI TCTCTCCCTCCCTC NR_XbaI CTCTCCCTCCCTCC C NUE591 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2946 CTTGAG GA NUE591_ CTCTTGCAGCTCTTG 2947 GA_R ATCTTC NUE206 XbaI, NUE206_ ATTCTAGAATTTAC 2700 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2948 pGN EF_XbaI ACAGACTTGTCGCT CTTGAG CTC SalI NUE206_ TATCTAGACTTCTG 2701 NUE206_ TATCTAGATCATCAG 2949 ER_XbaI ATTCAGTGACTGTG NR_XbaI TGACTGTGAGCCTCG AGC T NUE206_ ATAGTCGACAACAA 2702 NF_SalI TGGACAAATTTTGG AC NUE206_ TATCTAGATCATCA 2703 NR_XbaI GTGACTGTGAGCCT CGT NUE208 XbaI, NUE208_ AATCTAGACTGAAA 2704 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2950 pGN EF_XbaI GAGAGAGAGGTATG CTTGAG GC SacI NUE208_ TGAGCTCTGAATTA 2705 NUE208_ TGAGCTCTTATTAGT 2951 ER_SacI GTCATCTATTGGGT NR_SacI CATCTATTGGGTCCT CC GAG NUE208_ TATCTAGAAACAAT 2706 NF_XbaI GGCAGGTGAGGCAA CTC NUE208_ TGAGCTCTTATTAG 2707 NR_SacI TCATCTATTGGGTC CTGAG NUE209 SalI, NUE209_ AATGTCGACTTTGT 2708 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2952 pGN EF_SalI GATGACCCTTTTAA CTTGAG GG XbaI NUE209_ ATTCTAGAGGTAGT 2709 NUE209_ ATTCTAGATTATTAG 2953 ER_XbaI TAGCCGGTCATGTT NR_XbaI CCGGTCATGTTGTAG G TC NUE209_ AATGTCGACAACAA 2710 NF_SalI TGGATTGGGAAAAA CAGC NUE209_ ATTCTAGATTATTA 2711 NR_XbaI GCCGGTCATGTTGT AGTC NUE210 SalI NUE210_ TGAGTCGACGTCTT 2712 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2954 pGN EF_SalI GAAATGTTTGGTGG CTTGAG GT XbaI NUE210_ TATCTAGACTTACT 2713 NUE210_ TGTCTAGACTATGCT 2955 ER_XbaI TGCCCTTTGCTTAT NR_XbaI ATGAGGAAAAGAAAC GA TAAGC NUE210_ AATGTCGACAACAA 2714 NF_SalI TGTTTGGTGGGTTC AATGTG NUE210_ TGTCTAGACTATGC 2715 NR_XbaI TATGAGGAAAAGAA ACTAAGC NUE211 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2956 CTTGAG GeneArt NOS_R GCGGGACTCTAATCA 2957 TAAAAACC NUE212 XbaI NUE212_ ATTCTAGAATATCA 2716 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2958 pGN EF_XbaI TAATGAAAGGGATT CTTGAG CG SacI NUE212_ TGAGCTCCCATTAG 2717 NUE212_ TGAGCTCTTATTAGA 2959 ER_SacI AACCGAGACTGAAG NEW_NR_ ACCGAGACTGAAGAT SacI ACTTA NUE212_ TATCTAGAAACAAT 2718 NF_XbaI GAAAGGGATTCGCT CC NUE212_ TGAGCTCTTATTAG 2719 NR_SacI AACCGAGACTGAAG ATACTTA NUE221 EcoRV NUE221_ AAGATATCAATGAC 2720 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2960 pKSJ EF_EcoRV TTTCCCCATCTATC CTTGAG C NUE221_ ACGATATCAATCGA 2721 NUE221_ ATGATATCCATTACA 2961 ER_EcoRV CCAACAACTAACAT NR_EcoRV TGTGTGTATCCGACG TAC NUE221_ AAGATATCCTTCTA 2722 NF_EcoRV ATAATCAACCGACA GG NUE221_ ATGATATCCATTAC 2723 NR_EcoRV ATGTGTGTATCCGA CG NUE222 SalI, NUE222_ ATAGTCGACGGGAA 2724 NUE222_ AGTTGCATCGATCTT 2962 pGN EF_SalI GTATCATTAGTTCA seq_F1 GATCTTG TTACC XbaI NUE222_ TATCTAGACTAGTA 2725 101_ER CTGCAAGGCGATTAA 2963 ER_XbaI TCCCTAACGTAACA GTTGG AAGACTC NUE222_ AATGTCGACTTACC 2726 NF_SalI ATGGGAGACTATAA CATG NUE222_ TATCTAGACTACTA 2727 NR_XbaI ACGTAACAAAGACT CTTCACA NUE229 XbaI NUE229_ TATCTAGACTGTCT 2728 NUE229_ GCAAGGTTAGCTTCA 2964 pGN EF_XbaI GTTTGCCTGTCGAG seq_F1 TGACG SmaI NUE229_ TCCCGGGATACTCA 2729 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2965 ER_SmaI AATCAAATGAAAGT TTCTTG CCG NUE229_ CATCTAGACAACAA 2730 NF_XbaI TGGCGAGGATGATC NUE229_ TCCCGGGTTAGATA 2731 NR_SmaI GAAGTTTATCCCAT CAGGG NUE254 SalI NUE254_ AATGTCGACAGTCT 2732 NUE254_ AATGTCGACCTGGAA 2966 pGN EF_SalI GCACTGGAAGGACA NF_SalI GGACAGCATGTCG G XbaI NUE254_ TATCTAGACTTGTT 2733 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 2967 ER_XbaI GCCAGCATCTCTTA AGGGT TG NUE254_ AATGTCGACCTGGA 2734 NF_SalI AGGACAGCATGTCG NUE254_ TATCTAGACTATGA 2735 NR_XbaI CTAGCTGATGGAGT CCTCC NUE267 NUE267_F CTTCTTCAATGGCG 2736 NUE267_F CTTCTTCAATGGCGA 2968 Topo ACGG CGG NUE267_R TAGTCATGCAAATA 2737 101_ER GAAACACCATCTTCG 2969 TTTAATCTTGGAAC TTCTTG CC NUE519 SalI, NUE519_ TTAGTCGACTTAAG 2738 NUE519_ TTAGTCGACTTAAGA 2970 pGN NF_SalI ATGGCCAAGGTTAA NF_SalI TGGCCAAGGTTAACG CG XbaI NUE519_ TATCTAGACTAATG 2739 101_ER CTGCAAGGCGATTAA 2971 NR_XbaI CCGTTGCTTCTAGT GTTGG AATAG NUE549 XbaI, NUE549_ TATCTAGATCCTCT 2740 NUE549_ CAGCTGTGGAAGGCA 2972 pGN EF_XbaI CCCTAGCTAGCAAG seq_F3 TCAAC SacI NUE549_ TGAGCTCCTAATCA 2741 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 2973 ER_SacI CCCTGGCTGTTGAC AGGGT NUE549_ TATCTAGATCCCTA 2742 NF_XbaI GCTAGCAAGCTCTA G NUE549_ TGAGCTCCCTTAAT 2743 NR_SacI GCCATGCTGCG NUE572 XbaI, NUE572_ ATTCTAGATACATC 2744 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2974 pGN NF_XbaI GTCTTCACCTAATT CTTGAG TTC SacI NUE572_ CGAGCTCAACAAGC 2745 NUE572_ CGAGCTCAACAAGCA 2975 NR_SacI AAACTAAACGTGAA NR_SacI AACTAAACGTGAAC C NUE592 EcoRV NUE592_ ATGATATCAAATCC 2746 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2976 pKSJ EF_EcoRV GGTGGAC CTTGAG NUE592_ TAGATATCCAACAC 2747 NUE592_ TAGATATCGTTGAAC 2977 ER_EcoRV TCACTAGGGAGCAC NR_EcoRV GCTCCACATCATG AG NUE592_ TAGATATCAGAATT 2748 NF_EcoRV CGCAGGGATGCC NUE592_ TAGATATCGTTGAA 2749 NR_EcoRV CGCTCCACATCATG NUE248 XbaI, NUE248_ GCTCTAGAAGGCGA 2750 NUE248_ GCTCTAGAAGGCGAG 2978 pGN NF_XbaI GATGTGGGAGTC NF_XbaI ATGTGGGAGTC SacI NUE248_ TGAGCTCCTACTAG 2751 NOS_R GCGGGACTCTAATCA 2979 NR_SacI GCCTTCTCCTTTGT TAAAAACC TG NUE590 SacI NUE590_ AATCTAGACAACTG 2752 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2980 TopoB EF_XbaI CAACTGCAACTAGC CTTGAG NUE590_ CGAGCTCACAGCTA 2753 ER_SacI AACATCAATCCTCT TC NUE590_ TGAGCTCTGCAAGC 2754 NUE590_ TGAGCTCCTCATTTT 2981 NF_SacI AATCACCAGTTTG NR_SacI ATTTGCTGCGTG NUE590_ TGAGCTCCTCATTT 2755 NR_SacI TATTTGCTGCGTG NUE245 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2982 CTTGAG GA NUE245_ CTCGGTGTTCTTGAT 2983 GA_R1 GGTCAC NUE520 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2984 CTTGAG FA NUE520_ TTCTTGACCTTGGTC 2985 GA_R2 AGCTTG NUE574 SmaI NUE574_ Agattagtcccaaa 2756 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2986 Topo EF_SmaI gattattcg CTTGAG NUE574_ Gacattgtggggaa 2757 NUE574_ gcatgtaattgtagc 2987 ER_SmaI gctact NR_SmaI tttctttt NUE574_ Gatacaaagaattc 2758 NF_SmaI tttctttt NUE574_ gcatgtaattgtag 2759 NR_SmaI ctttctttt NUE224 XbaI. NUE224_ TATCTAGAGTTTGC 2760 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2988 pGXN EF_XbaI TTGCTTACCAGGAG CTTGAG SmaI NUE224_ TCCCGGGTTAGCAG 2761 NUE224_ TCCCGGGTTAGCAGC 2989 ER_SmaI CATCGATCGTACAC ER_SmaI ATCGATCGTACACTA TAG G NUE225 SalI, NUE225_ AATGTCGACGAGTT 2762 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2990 pGXN NF_SalI TACAAGAGACCCAG CTTGAG ACG XbaI NUE225_ ACTCTAGAATTCAG 2763 NUE225_ ACTCTAGAATTCAGT 2991 NR_XbaI TCATAGATCGCCTT NR_XbaI CATAGATCGCCTTG G NUE230 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2992 CTTGAG GA NUE230_ GGATCTTGATGTACA 2993 GA_R1 CGTTTGG NUE234 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2994 CTTGAG GA NUE234_ CGATGTTGCACCTCT 2995 GA_R1 TTGG NUE239 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2996 CTTGAG GA NUE239_ CGAAATCCTCTGGGA 2997 GA_R1 ATGAC NUE240 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 2998 CTTGAG GA NUE240_ CCTCAGTAGAGAGAG 2999 GA_R1 ACTCGTCG NUE246 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3000 CTTGAG GA NUE246_ CAACACTTGCATCAC 3001 GA_R1 CCTAGTC NUE249 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3002 CTTGAG GA NUE249_ CCACCTCAAGAACAG 3003 GA_R1 TAACGAG NUE250 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3004 CTTGAG GA NUE250_ GAAGGTAGAGTGCAG 3005 GA_R1 CATGG NUE252 XbaI, NUE252_ TATCTAGATTGGTC 2764 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3006 pGXN EF_XbaI ACAGGGGATAGGC CTTGAG SacI NUE252_ TGAGCTCCTAAGAT 2765 NUE252_ SacI 3007 ER_SacI GCTGCTTTCTCAGA NR_ TGAGCTCCTACTATG CTATG CCAAAGAACCTTCAT G NUE252_ TATCTAGAGAAATT 2766 NF_XbaI GTGTTTGTTTGATG GG NUE252_ TGAGCTCCTACTAT 2767 NR_SacI GCCAAAGAACCTTC ATG NUE265 XbaI, NUE265_ TATCTAGAGAGAAA 2768 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3008 pGXN NF_XbaI TGACAAGTGTCTGG CTTGAG AAG SacI NUE265_ TGAGCTCGGAGTGA 2769 NUE265_ TGAGCTCGGAGTGAT 3009 NR_SacI TCACTACTGCTTCT NR_SacI CACTACTGCTTCTCC CC NUE268 SalI NUE268_ AATGTCGACTGAAG 2770 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3010 pGXN NF_SalI ATGGCTGACGATTT CTTGAG G XbaI NUE268_ TATCTAGACTAGTC 2771 NUE268_ TATCTAGACTAGTCT 3011 NR_XbaI TTAGCCACCACCAG NR_XbaI TAGCCACCACCAGAA AAC C NUE514 XbaI, NUE514_ AATCTAGAGGATTG 2772 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3012 pGXN EF_XbaI AGACATGCACTTAA CTTGAG CAG SacI NUE514_ TGAGCTCTTTTGAG 2773 NUE514_ TGAGCTCCTACAATA 3013 ER_SacI CACCTCTTATTTAG NR_SacI CACCTCTTGACATCC C TTC NUE514_ AATCTAGAACTCAT 2774 NF_XbaI CAGCAACTACAACG TG NUE514_ TGAGCTCCTACAAT 2775 NR_SacI ACACCTCTTGACAT CCTTC NUE515 SalI, NUE515_ TAAGTCGACGATAC 2776 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3014 pGXN NF_SalI AATGAGAATGTTAG CTTGAG TTCTTC XbaI NUE515_ TATCTAGATCATCA 2777 NUE515_ TATCTAGATCATCAC 3015 NR_XbaI CCATCGTCTTATCA NR_XbaI CATCGTCTTATCAAT ATGAAG GAAG NUE523 SmaI, NUE523_ ACCCGGGTCGTCTC 2778 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3016 Topo EF_SmaI ATCAATTCAAGATC CTTGAG C SacI NUE523_ TGAGCTCCCCTTCA 2779 NUE523_ TGAGCTCCCCTTCAA 3-17 ER_SacI AACTAATCAATCTT ER_SacI ACTAATCAATCTTG G NUE525 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3018 pQXYN CTTGAG GA NUE525_ GTACTGAAGCTCGTC 3019 GA_R CTGGAC NUE527 XbaI NUE527 AATCTAGAAAGAGC 2780 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3020 pKSJ EF XbaI ACCACCAGAGCAG CTTGAG EcoRV NUE527_ TTGATATCCTTTAT 2781 NUE527_ TTGATATCCTTTATG 3021 ER_EcoRV GTCACCATTCATCT ER_EcoRV TCACCATTCATCTCA CAG G NUE532 XbaI, NUE532_ AATCTAGACTGGTT 2782 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3022 pGXN EF_XbaI TAGGAGACGAAAAG CTTGAG G SacI NUE532_ AGAGCTCCTATCTC 2783 NUE532_ AGAGCTCCTACTACT 3023 ER_SacI AACTCCATCGCCTC NR_SacI CAACTTCTCTGATGA AG TTCTC NUE532_ AATCTAGAAGTGCT 2784 NF_XbaI CTCCGGTTTGAGG_ NUE532_ AGAGCTCCTACTAC 2785 NR_SacI TCAACTTCTCTGAT GATTCTC NUE533 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3024 pQXYN CTTGAG GA NUE533_ GGTTAGACACGAGCT 3025 GA_R TCTCAGAC NUE536 XbaI, NUE536_ ATTCTAGAGCCTTC 2786 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3026 pGXN EF_XbaI TGATTCCCACTCC CTTGAG SacI NUE536_ TGAGCTCTGGAGTA 2787 NUE536_ CGAGCTCAAAGTCTC 3027 ER_SacI TCTGGTTTAGTTCG NR_SacI ACTCCGCACTACAC TC NUE536_ AATCTAGACCTACT 2788 NF_XbaI ATACTTGCAACCTC TCC NUE536_ CGAGCTCAAAGTCT 2789 NR_SacI CACTCCGCACTACA C NUE547 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3028 pQXYN CTTGAG GA NUE547_ GTGTGCAGCTCGAAC 3029 GA_R TTGG NUE550 SmaI NUE550_ ACCCGGGGTAACAC 2790 p35S_F1 GGACAGGCTTCTTGA 3030 pKSJ EF_SmaI TATCAAGAGACGAT GATCCT GAAG NUE550_ TCCCGGGGTTTACA 2791 NUE550_ TCCCGGGAATCTTTA 3031 ER_SmaI TTGTTCTCGTTTCA NR_SmaI TTAACGAAACAGCAG AATC NUE550_ ACCCGGGCTATCAA 2792 NF_SmaI GAGACGATGAAGGT TG NUE550_ TCCCGGGAATCTTT 2793 NR_SmaI ATTAACGAAACAGC AG NUE564 XbaI, NUE564_ AATCTAGACTTCAA 2794 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3032 pGXN EF_XbaI GCAGGCAGCACAC CTTGAG SacI NUE564_ CGAGCTCAAAGGGT 2795 NUE564_ TGAGCTCCTACATGT 3033 ER_SacI CCATCATAATCACA NR_SacI CCCTTAGATTGCTCT G ATTC NUE564_ TATCTAGAGGAAAC 2796 NF_XbaI CTTGAGCCATGG NUE564_ TGAGCTCCTACATG 2797 NR_SacI TCCCTTAGATTGCT CTATTC NUE576 SalI, NUE576_ AAAGTCGACAGGAA 2798 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3034 pGXN EF_SalI CAGCAACAAAAGTA CTTGAG AGC SmaI NUE576_ TCCCGGGCTAAACT 2799 NUE576_ TCCCGGGCTAAGTAG 3035 ER_SmaI GTCCCATTCTGCGT NR_SmaI CATGAGTCTAGAGCT G TGG NUE576_ AAAGTCGACCAACA 2800 NF_SalI ACCACACACACTCA CAG NUE576_ TCCCGGGCTAAGTA 2801 NR_SmaI GCATGAGTCTAGAG CTTGG NUE579 SalI, NUE579_ AATGTCGACTCTCA 2802 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3036 pGXN NF_SalI AAACCCTAACTGTT CTTGAG TCC_ XbaI NUE579_ ATTCTAGACAGGAT 2803 NUE579_ ATTCTAGACAGGATA 3037 NR_XbaI AATAGATAGTCACA NR_XbaI ATAGATAGTCACACG CGAGG AGG NUE581 SalI, NUE581_ AAAGTCGACCAAAA 2804 p35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3038 pGXN EF_SalI GAATCTGTCTTCTT CTTGAG CTCTG XbaI NUE581_ ATTCTAGACTATCC 2805 NUE581_ ACTCTAGATTAGAAC 3039 ER_XbaI AAGAAGGAACAATG NR_XbaI CACAAAAGATTACAA AGG CATC NUE581_ AAAGTCGACGGTAA 2806 NF_SalI AATATCTTTCTTGT GCAG NUE581_ ACTCTAGATTAGAA 2807 NR_XbaI CCACAAAAGATTAC AACATC MAB52 6669F TCAGCCACCCAAACC 3040 pGN ATGAC GA MAB52_ GAAGTCCTGAGACCG 3041 R_Seq TTGATAG MAB106 MAB106_ GTTCCAGTTGAGCG 2808 T7_1 TACGACTCACTATAG 3042 pGN EF AGCAG GGCGA EcoRV, MAB106_ TTGATATCCCAGTC 2809 MAB106_ AAGATATCGTGCTAA 3043 ER_EcoRV TGTTTATTGCATCA NR_EcoRV ACTATACATCAAACG TC TG PstI MAB106_ AACTGCAGGATCAT 2810 NF_PstI CCTCACATTGCGAG MAB106_ AAGATATCGTGCTA 2811 NR_EcoRV AACTATACATCAAA CGTG NUE251 35S_F1 GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3044 CTTGAG GA NUE251_ GAAGTACCACCAGTT 3045 GA_R GAAGAAGC NUE545 SalI, NUE545_ TATGTCGACAGGTT 2812 NUE545_F GCAACAATTGTGGAG 3046 pGXN NF_SalI ATGGGGAAGAAGCT TCAACAC AG XbaI NUE545_ TATCTAGATCATCA 2813 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 3047 NR_XbaI GTAGCCACGAACTT AGGGT GTCTAG NUE570 Sal, NUE570_ TTCGTCGACTAAGC 2814 NUE570 CTTTGAGACGTTAGC 3048 pKSJ NF Sal ACAAATGGCGACTC SeqF TGTTGAG Sma NUE570 ACCCGGGTCAAGGA 2815 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 3049 NR Sma GCTGAAACACTAGA AGGGT GTTACT NUE571 Sal, NUE571_ GTAGTCGACTTCAC 2816 NUE571_ GTAGTCGACTTCACA 3050 pGXN NF_Sal ATGGGAAAGGATAA NF_Sal TGGGAAAGGATAAGA GAC C Xba NUE571 AATCTAGATCACTG 2817 101_R AAGTTGGGTAACGCC 3051 NR Xba ATATAGTCCACGTC AGGGT CTAAGG NUE578 XbaI, NUE578_ AATCTAGAATATCC 2818 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3052 pGXN EF_XbaI TCCCATTCTCATTC CTTGAG TG SmaI NUE578_ TCCCGGGCTAATGC 2819 NUE578_ TCCCGGGCTAAGAAA 3053 ER_SmaI AATCTCCAACTCCA NR_SmaI AGGTAGGAGAAGGAA AG GG NUE578_ AATCTAGAAGCGGA 2820 NF_XbaI GAAGAGGAAGGAG NUE578_ TCCCGGGCTAAGAA 2821 NR_SmaI AAGGTAGGAGAAGG AAGG NUE580 XbaI, NUE580_ AATCTAGACGGAAT 2822 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3054 pGXN NF_XbaI ATACATTTGCTTTG CTTGAG TG SmaI NUE580_ TCCCGGGCTACTGC 2823 NUE580_ TCCCGGGCTACTGCT 3055 NR_SmaI TGAATGCTCTCTTT NR_SmaI GAATGCTCTCTTTGC GC NUE582 XbaI NUE582_ AATCTAGAAATCAT 2824 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3056 pGXN NF_XbaI CCTTCCCCAACCTC CTTGAG SmaI NUE582_ CCCCGGGACCCAAA 2825 NUE582_ CCCCGGGACCCAAAC 3057 NR_SmaI CAGTCATGCTAGG NR_SmaI AGTCATGCTAGG NUE584 SalI, NUE584_ AAAGTCGACAAGGT 2826 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3058 pGXN NF_SalI TGGAGATTGTGAAA CTTGAG TTG SacI NUE584_ CGAGCTCATACTCT 2827 NUE584_ CGAGCTCATACTCTA 3059 NR_SacI ACGTTCCCGTGTGG NR_SacI CGTTCCCGTGTGG NUE593 35S_1F GGAGAGGACAGGCTT 3060 CTTGAG GA NUE593_ GTAGCCTGAACAGCA 3061 GA_R GAACC CT1 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2828 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2829 ATGCCATC CT11 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2830 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2831 ATGCCATC CT2 XbaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2832 pKS CAGGGT Forward ATGGGGCAACATCA 2833 CTTGGG CT20 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2834 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2835 ATGCCATC CT22 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2836 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2837 ATGCCATC CT27 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2838 pKS CAGGGT EcoRV Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2839 ATGCCATC CT3 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2840 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2841 ATGCCATC CT40 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2842 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2843 ATGCCATC CT6 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2844 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2845 ATGCCATC CT7 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2846 pKS CAGGGT EcoRV Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2847 ATGCCATC CT71 XbaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2848 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2849 ATGCCATC CT74 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2850 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2851 ATGCCATC CT75 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2852 pKS CAGGGT EcoRV Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2853 ATGCCATC CT76 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2854 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2855 ATGCCATC CT81 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2856 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2857 ATGCCATC CT82 SmaI Reverse AAGTTGGGTAACGC 2858 pKS CAGGGT SacI Forward GGTGGCTCCTACAA 2859 ATGCCATC Table 22: Provided are the sequences of the primers used for cloning the indicated genes and for screening of cloned binary plasmids. Primers are provided from 5′ → 3′. “EF” = external forward primer; “ER” = external reverse primer; “NF” = nested forward primer; “NR” = nested reverse primer. Unless indicated otherwise, all genes were cloned from RNA molecules. “GA” = GeneArt, synthetically prepared genes; “Enz.” = Enzyme; “Plas.” = Plasmid.

Each digested PCR product was inserted into a high copy vector originated from pBlue-script KS plasmid vector (pBlue-script KS plasmid vector, Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) stratagene (dot) com/manuals/212205 (dot) pdf). In case of the high copy vector originated from pBlue-script KS plasmid vector (pGN) PCR product was inserted in the high copy plasmid upstream to the NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO:3064) originated from pBI 101.3 binary vector (GenBank Accession No. U12640, nucleotides 4417 to 4693). In other cases the PCR product was inserted into the pCR®-BluntII-TOPO® high copy vector (ZeroBlunt® TOPO® PCR cloning Kit, Invitrogene). Some of the genes were synthetically synthesized ordered from a commercial supplier (GeneArt, GmbH) those genes were received into the pQXYN, pGXN high copy vectors obtained from the suppliers.

Sequencing of the inserted genes was performed, using the ABI 377 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). In some cases, after confirming the sequences of the cloned genes, the cloned cDNA accompanied with the NOS terminator was introduced into the binary vectors pGI containing the 35S promoter via digestion with appropriate restriction endonucleases. In other cases the cloned cDNA accompanied with the 35S promoter was introduced into the pGI vector. In any case the insert was followed by single copy of the NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 3064). The digested products and the linearized plasmid vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche, Switzerland)

For some of the cloned polynucleotides, instead of amplifying the sequence from cDNA, synthetic sequences were ordered from a commercial supplier (GeneArt, GmbH). Thus, no primers were used for the amplification of the synthetic genes. To optimize the coding sequences of the synthetic genes, codon-usage Tables calculated from plant transcriptomes were used (example of such Tables can be found in the Codon Usage Database available online at Hypertext Transfer Protocol://World Wide Web (dot) kazusa (dot) or (dot) jp/codon/). The optimized coding sequences is designed in a way that no changes are introduced in the encoded amino acid sequence while using codons preferred for expression in dicotyledonous plants mainly tomato and Arabidopsis; and monocotyledonous plants such as maize. Such optimized sequences promote better translation rate and therefore higher protein expression levels. To the optimized sequences flanking additional unique restriction enzymes sites were added- to facilitate the cloning of the genes into the binary vectors.

The pPI and pGI binary vector plasmids were used to introduce the gene constructs into plants. pPI plasmid was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, originating from pGL3 basic plasmid vector (Promega, Acc. No. U47295; bp 4658-4811) into the HindIII restriction site of the binary vector pBI101.3 (Clontech, Acc. No. U12640). In some cases the backbone binary plasmid used was pGI which is similar to pPI but the GUS gene was replaced by the GUS-Intron gene (Vancanneyt. G, et al MGG 220, 245-50, 1990). pPI or pGI plasmid was used to clone the polynucleotide sequences, initially under the control of 35S promoter [Odell, J T, et al. Nature 313, 810-812 (28 Feb. 1985); SEQ ID NO: 3063] or Arabidopsis thaliana promoter At6669 (SEQ ID NO:3064, PCT Publication No. WO2004/104162). The At6669 or the CaMV 35S promoter sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3063) is inserted in the pPI or pGI binary vector, upstream to the cloned genes by using the restriction enzymes HindIII and SalI or BamHI (Roche, Switzerland). The digested PCR product and the linearized plasmid vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche, Switzerland), as described above.

60 μL of E. coli, strain DH5-α competent cells (about 10⁹ cells/mL) were transformed using 1 μl of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). E. coli cells were grown on 0.8 mL LB liquid medium at 37° C. for 1 hrs and 0.2 mL of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 16 hrs. Bacteria colonies were grown and expression was confirmed by PCR amplification using the primers sets detailed in Table 22, above, which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector.

PCR products were separated on 1.5% agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas).

TABLE 23 Cloned sequences SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: of cloned or Gene of the encoded synthetic gene Name polypeptide Cluster Cloning Method 2398 CT1 2523 cotton|gb164|AI725990_T1 cloned 2399 CT11 2524 cotton|gb164|AI725968_T1 cloned 2400 CT2 2525 cotton|gb164|AI727334_T1 cloned 2401 CT20 2526 cotton|gb164|AI726497_T1 cloned 2402 CT22 2527 cotton|gb164|BG440027_T1 cloned 2403 CT27 2528 cotton|gb164|AF336280_T1 cloned 2404 CT3 144 cotton|gb164|AI725456_T1 cloned 2405 CT40 145 cotton|gb164|BE052317_T1 cloned 2406 CT6 2529 cotton|gb164|AI726479_T1 cloned 2407 CT7 147 cotton|gb164|AI727027_T1 cloned 2408 CT71 148 cotton|gb164|AI725508_T1 cloned 2409 CT74 149 cotton|gb164|AI725950_T1 cloned 2410 CT75 2530 cotton|gb164|AI726599_T1 cloned 2411 CT76 2531 cotton|gb164|AI726155_T1 cloned 2412 CT81 2532 cotton|gb164|AI726693_T1 cloned 2413 CT82 153 cotton|gb164|BQ402794_T1 cloned 2414 MAB106 154 barley|gb157.2|AL450627_T1 cloned 2415 MAB52 155 rice|gb157.2|AU070543_T1 synthesized_optimized 2416 NUE206 158 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G2490_T1 cloned 2417 NUE208 2533 tomato|gb164|BG124666_T1 cloned 2418 NUE209 160 tomato|gb164|BG134403_T1 cloned 2419 NUE210 2534 tomato|gb157|TOMTRALTAB_T1 cloned 2420 NUE211 162 rice|gb157.2|AU174544_T1 synthesized_optimized 2421 NUE212 163 cotton|gb164|CO081293_T1 cloned 2422 NUE221 164 rice|gb157.2|BI305241_T1 cloned 2423 NUE222 165 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G31820_T1 cloned 2424 NUE223 166 rice|gb157.2|AW069985_T1 cloned 2425 NUE224 167 rice|gb157.2|AW155063_T1 cloned 2426 NUE225 168 rice|gb157.2|BE039221_T1 cloned 2427 NUE227 169 rice|gb157.2|AU056888_T1 cloned 2428 NUE228 170 rice|gb157.2|AA753730_T1 synthesized_optimized 2429 NUE229 2535 maize|gb164|AW455682_T1 cloned 2430 NUE230 172 rice|gb157.2|AA749861_T1 synthesized_optimized 2431 NUE231 173 rice|gb157.2|AK108994_T1 synthesized_optimized 2432 NUE233 174 rice|gb157.2|CB640732_T1 cloned 2433 NUE234 175 poplar|gb157.2|BU868634_T1 synthesized_optimized 2434 NUE235 176 soybean|gb162|CA852963_T1 cloned 2435 NUE237 177 rice|gb157.2|BI811377_T1 cloned 2436 NUE239 178 poplar|gb157.2|BU880014_T1 synthesized_optimized 2437 NUE240 179 poplar|gb157.2|AJ407707_T1 synthesized_optimized 2438 NUE241 180 tomato|gb164|BG129806_T1 cloned 2439 NUE242 2536 tomato|gb164|BG791300_T1 cloned 2440 NUE244 182 soybean|gb162|CF808561_T1 cloned 2441 NUE245 2537 rice|gb157.2|AT003383_T1 synthesized_optimized 2442 NUE246 184 grape|gb160|CF207859_T1 synthesized 2443 NUE248 2538 maize|gb157|BG354535_T1 cloned 2444 NUE249 186 rice|gb157.2|AU029933_T1 synthesized_optimized 2445 NUE250 187 rice|gb157.2|AK102239_T1 synthesized_optimized 2446 NUE251 188 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI947781_T1 synthesized_optimized 2447 NUE252 189 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G58030_T1 cloned 2448 NUE253 190 rice|gb157.2|AF145730_T1 cloned 2449 NUE254 2539 maize|gb164|AI600563_T1 cloned 2450 NUE255 2540 rice|gb157.2|CB000630_T1 cloned 2451 NUE256 193 wheat|gb164|BE415875_T1 synthesized_optimized 2452 NUE265 194 rice|gb157.2|BE039218_T1 cloned 2453 NUE267 195 arabidopsis|gb165|AT5G60680_T1 cloned 2454 NUE268 196 rice|gb157.2|AA750934_T1 cloned 2455 NUE269 2541 cotton|gb164|AI730085_T1 cloned 2456 NUE49 2542 maize|gb154|AW037179_T1 synthesized_optimized 2457 NUE50 2543 maize|gb164|AW287760_T1 cloned 2458 NUE511 2544 maize|gb157|AW360667_T1 cloned 2459 NUE512 201 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G23460_T1 cloned 2460 NUE513 2545 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G26100_T1 cloned 2461 NUE514 2546 soybean|gb162|SOYHPR_T1 cloned 2462 NUE515 2547 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G44920_T1 cloned 2463 NUE516 205 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G48210_T1 cloned 2464 NUE519 2548 wheat|gb164|BE445396_T1 cloned 2465 NUE520 207 rice|gb157.2|BI305493_T1 synthesized 2466 NUE521 208 rice|gb157.2|AU077950_T1 cloned 2467 NUE523 209 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901439_T1 cloned 2468 NUE525 210 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW052978_T1 synthesized_optimized 2469 NUE527 211 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW055409_T1 cloned 2470 NUE528 212 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI372194_T1 cloned 2471 NUE531 213 rice|gb157.2|BI805136_T1 synthesized_optimized 2472 NUE532 214 maize|gb164|AW054475_T1 cloned 2473 NUE533 215 soybean|gb166|AW350050_T1 cloned 2474 NUE535 2549 sorghum|gb161.crp|BE599042_T1 cloned 2475 NUE536 217 maize|gb164|BQ279657_T1 cloned 2476 NUE537 218 barley|gb157.2|AJ234408_T1 cloned 2477 NUE538 219 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW923729_T1 cloned 2478 NUE539 220 rice|gb157.2|AW155216_T1 synthesized_optimized 2479 NUE540 2550 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G13980_T1 cloned 2480 NUE542 2551 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT3G46280_T1 cloned 2481 NUE543 223 rice|gb157.2|AK063415_T1 synthesized_optimized 2482 NUE544 2552 cotton|gb164|BQ412384_T1 cloned 2483 NUE545 2553 cotton|gb164|AI055737_T1 cloned 2484 NUE547 226 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BI139559_T1 synthesized_optimized 2485 NUE548 227 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BQ279657_T1 cloned 2486 NUE549 228 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AF019147_T1 cloned 2487 NUE550 229 canola|gb161|EE559843_T1 cloned 2488 NUE551 2554 barley|gb157.3|BE420701_T1 cloned 2489 NUE553 231 barley|gb157.3|BE421829_T1 cloned 2490 NUE554 232 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AA011880_T1 cloned 2491 NUE560 233 rice|gb157.2|BE229552_T1 cloned 2492 NUE562 2555 rice|gb157.2|BE039784_T1 cloned 2493 NUE563 235 rice|gb157.2|AU057884_T1 cloned 2494 NUE564 236 maize|gb164|AI619269_T1 cloned 2495 NUE565 237 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT5G15080_T1 cloned 2496 NUE566 238 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G43700_T1 cloned 2497 NUE567 239 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G60680_T1 cloned 2498 NUE568 240 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G78450_T1 cloned 2499 NUE569 241 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G03890_T1 cloned 2500 NUE570 242 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G43910_T1 cloned 2501 NUE571 243 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT1G47530_T1 cloned 2502 NUE572 244 arabidopsis|gb157.2|AT2G24240_T1 cloned 2503 NUE573 245 arabidopsis|gb165|AT4G15390_T1 cloned 2504 NUE574 2556 rice|gb157.2|BI807603_T1 cloned 2505 NUE575 247 rice|gb157.2|AU068829_T1 cloned 2506 NUE576 2557 rice|gb157.2|AA752451_T1 cloned 2507 NUE577 249 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G67800_T1 cloned 2508 NUE578 250 wheat|gb164|BE401454_T1 cloned 2509 NUE579 2558 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G70850_T1 cloned 2510 NUE580 2559 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G35880_T1 cloned 2511 NUE581 253 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G12845_T1 cloned 2512 NUE582 2560 sorghum|gb161.xeno|T18303_T1 cloned 2513 NUE583 255 rice|gb157.2|AU172665_T1 cloned 2514 NUE584 2561 sorghum|gb161.crp|AW923545_T1 cloned 2515 NUE585 257 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G71900_T1 cloned 2516 NUE586 2562 arabidopsis|gb165|AT1G72320_T1 cloned 2517 NUE587 259 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AW672541_T1 cloned 2518 NUE588 260 rice|gb157.2|AA750816_T1 cloned 2519 NUE590 2563 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI622209_T1 cloned 2520 NUE591 262 sorghum|gb161.xeno|BE123399_T1 synthesized_optimized 2521 NUE592 263 sorghum|gb161.xeno|AI901557_T1 cloned 2522 NUE593 264 arabidopsis|gb165|AT2G04066_T1 synthesized_optimized Table 23. Provided are the cloned or synthetically produced genes and their encoded polypeptides, along with the sequence identifiers, organisms from which the genes were cloned.

Example 4 Generation of Transgenic Plants Expressing the Polynucleotides of Some Embodiments of the Invention

Arabidopsis transformation was performed according to Clough S J, Bent A F. (1998) Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 16(6): 735-43; and Desfeux C, Clough S J, Bent A F. (20000 Female reproductive tissues are the primary targets of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by the Arabidopsis floral-dip method. Plant Physiol. 123(3): 895-904.). Briefly—Arabidopsis thaliana var Columbia (T₀ plants) were transformed using the Floral Dip procedure described by Clough S J and Bent A F (10) and by Desfeux C et al. (11), with minor modifications. Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col0) T₀ Plants were sown in 250 ml pots filled with wet peat-based growth mix. The pots were covered with aluminum foil and a plastic dome, kept at 4° C. for 3-4 days, then uncovered and incubated in a growth chamber at 18-24° C. under 16/8 hour light/dark cycles. The T₀ plants were ready for transformation six days prior to anthesis. Single colonies of Agrobacterium carrying the binary vectors harboring the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention were cultured in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/L) and gentamycin (50 mg/L). The cultures were incubated at 28° C. for 48 hrs under vigorous shaking and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pellets comprising Agrobacterium cells were resuspended in a transformation medium which contained half-strength (2.15 g/L) Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium (Duchefa); 0.044 μM benzylamino purine (Sigma); 112 μg/L B5 Gambourg vitamins (Sigma); 5% sucrose; and 0.2 ml/L Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialists, CT) in double-distilled water, at pH of 5.7.

Transformation of T₀ plants was performed by inverting each plant into an Agrobacterium suspension such that the flowering stem is submerged for 3-5 seconds. Each inoculated T₀ plant was immediately placed in a plastic tray, then covered with clear plastic dome to maintain humidity and kept in the dark at room temperature for 18 hrs to facilitate infection and transformation. Transformed (transgenic) plants were then uncovered and transferred to a greenhouse for recovery and maturation. The transgenic T₀ plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3-5 weeks until siliques maturation, and then seeds were harvested and kept at room temperature until sowing.

For generating T1 and T₂ transgenic plants harboring the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention, seeds collected from transgenic T₀ plants were surface-sterilized by soaking in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, followed by soaking in 5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.05% Triton X-100 for 5 minutes. The surface-sterilized seeds were thoroughly washed in sterile distilled water then placed on culture plates containing half-strength Murashige-Skoog (Duchefa); 2% sucrose; 0.8% plant agar; 50 mM kanamycin; and 200 mM carbenicylin (Duchefa). The culture plates were incubated at 4° C. for 48 hours then transferred to a growth room at 25° C. for an additional week of incubation. Vital T₁ Arabidopsis plants were transferred to fresh culture plates for another week of incubation. Following incubation, the T₁ plants were removed from culture plates and planted in growth mix contained in 250 ml pots. The transgenic plants were allowed to grow in a greenhouse to maturity. Seeds harvested from T₁ plants were cultured and grown to maturity as T₂ plants under the same conditions as used for culturing and growing the T₁ plants. At least 10 independent transformation events were created from each construct for which bulk of T2 seeds were collected.

The NUE584 (SEQ ID NO: 2514), NUE253 (SEQ ID NO: 2448), NUE533 (SEQ ID NO: 2473), NUE577 (SEQ ID NO: 2507), NUE590 (SEQ ID NO: 2519) and NUE562 (SEQ ID NO: 2492) genes were cloned, introduced in Arabidopsis and T2 seeds were produced.

NUE540 (SEQ ID NO: 2479), NUE549 (SEQ ID NO: 2486), and NUE533 (SEQ ID NO: 2473) developed purple healthy plants, suggesting increased vigor of the transgenic plants.

NUE591 (SEQ ID NO: 2520) produced light green plants. This phenotype relates the gene to the photosynthetic capacity of the plant at different nitrogen fertilization levels.

Example 5 Assay 1: Improved Nitrogen Use Efficiency In Vitro (Tissue Culture Assay)

Surface sterilized seeds were sown in basal media [50% Murashige-Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.8% plant agar as solidifying agent] in the presence of Kanamycin (used as a selecting agent). After sowing, plates were transferred for 2-3 days for stratification at 4° C. and then grown at 25° C. under 12-hour light 12-hour dark daily cycles for 7 to 10 days. At this time point, seedlings randomly chosen were carefully transferred to plates containing ½ MS media (15 mM N) for the normal nitrogen concentration treatment and 0.75 mM nitrogen for the low nitrogen concentration treatments. Each plate contained 5 seedlings of the same transgenic event, and 3-4 different plates (replicates) for each event. For each polynucleotide of the invention at least four independent transformation events were analyzed from each construct. Plants expressing the polynucleotides of the invention were compared to the average measurement of the control plants (empty vector or GUS reporter gene under the same promoter) used in the same experiment.

Digital Imaging

A laboratory image acquisition system, which consists of a digital reflex camera (Canon EOS 300D) attached with a 55 mm focal length lens (Canon EF-S series), mounted on a reproduction device (Kaiser RS), which includes 4 light units (4×150 Watts light bulb) and located in a darkroom, was used for capturing images of plantlets sawn in agar plates.

The image capturing process was repeated every 3-4 days starting at day 1 till day 10 (see for example the images in FIGS. 3A-3B). An image analysis system was used, which consists of a personal desktop computer (Intel P4 3.0 GHz processor) and a public domain program—ImageJ 1.39 [Java based image processing program which was developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and freely available on the internet at Hypertext Transfer Protocol://rsbweb (dot) nih (dot) gov/]. Images were captured in resolution of 10 Mega Pixels (3888×2592 pixels) and stored in a low compression JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group standard) format. Next, analyzed data was saved to text files and processed using the JMP statistical analysis software (SAS institute).

Seedling Analysis

Using the digital analysis seedling data was calculated, including leaf area, root coverage and root length.

The relative growth rate for the various seedling parameters was calculated according to the following formulas V, VI and VII. Relative growth rate of leaf area=Regression coefficient of leaf area along time course.  Formula V: Relative growth rate of root coverage=Regression coefficient of root coverage along time course.  Formula VI: Relative growth rate of root length=Regression coefficient of root coverage along time course.  Formula VII:

At the end of the experiment, plantlets were removed from the media and weighed for the determination of plant fresh weight. Plantlets were then dried for 24 hours at 60° C., and weighed again to measure plant dry weight for later statistical analysis. Growth rate was determined by comparing the leaf area coverage, root coverage and root length, between each couple of sequential photographs, and results were used to resolve the effect of the gene introduced on plant vigor under optimal conditions. Similarly, the effect of the gene introduced on biomass accumulation, under optimal conditions, was determined by comparing the plants' fresh and dry weight to that of control plants (containing an empty vector or the GUS reporter gene under the same promoter). From every construct created, 3-5 independent transformation events were examined in replicates.

Statistical Analyses

To identify genes conferring significantly improved plant vigor or enlarged root architecture, the results obtained from the transgenic plants were compared to those obtained from control plants. To identify outperforming genes and constructs, results from the independent transformation events tested were analyzed separately. To evaluate the effect of a gene event over a control the data was analyzed by Student's t-test and the p-value was calculated. Results were considered significant if p≤0.1. The JMP statistics software package was used (Version 5.2.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA).

Experimental Results

The genes presented in Tables 24-25, hereinbelow, were found to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by producing larger plant biomass when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants.

Tables 24 and 25 depict analyses of plant biomass (plant fresh and dry weight and leaf area) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the second experiment confirmed the significant increment in plant biomass. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 24 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (fresh and dry weight) under nitrogen deficient conditions Plant Biomass Fresh Plant Biomass Dry Weight [mg] Weight [mg] Gene % Gene % Name Event # Average p-value incr. Name Event # Average p-value incr. CT11 4892.1 204.50 6.3E−02 16.5 CT11 4894.3 7.80 7.7E−02 39.29 Control 175.55 CT11 4892.3 8.85 1.3E−01 58.04 CT22 5023.1 184.08 2.6E−04 43.5 CT11 4892.2 7.85 4.5E−02 40.18 Control 128.24 CT11 4893.2 5.98 6.8E−01 6.70 CT27 5033.7 195.00 3.2E−02 55.4 CT11 4892.1 9.20 3.7E−02 64.29 CT27 5031.4 150.93 3.2E−01 20.3 Control 5.60 CT27 5035.2 233.40 2.7E−02 86.0 CT27 5033.7 7.68 1.2E−01 37.05 CT27 5033.6 150.63 4.2E−01 20.0 CT27 5031.4 6.73 2.2E−01 20.09 CT27 5033.4 179.95 1.8E−01 43.4 CT27 5035.2 9.68 4.3E−02 72.77 CT27 5033.8 189.30 2.0E−02 50.9 CT27 5033.6 6.40 3.1E−01 14.29 CT27 5033.5 146.98 3.6E−01 17.1 CT27 5033.4 8.03 1.4E−01 43.30 Control 125.47 CT27 5033.8 7.60 7.7E−02 35.71 CT6 4943.1 184.30 8.3E−02 46.9 CT27 5033.5 6.40 9.6E−02 14.29 CT6 4941.4 188.38 3.0E−02 50.1 Control 5.60 Control 125.47 CT6 4943.1 7.78 1.9E−01 38.84 CT76 5044.6 213.08 1.8E−01 21.4 CT6 4941.4 9.60 1.3E−03 71.43 CT76 5041.5 250.50 1.6E−01 42.7 Control 5.60 CT76 5043.5 207.00 2.5E−01 17.9 CT76 5044.6 7.83 1.1E−01 22.21 CT76 5041.7 204.53 1.6E−01 16.5 CT76 5041.5 9.10 2.0E−01 42.12 CT76 5041.9 209.00 8.4E−02 19.1 CT76 5043.5 11.05 1.7E−02 72.57 CT76 5041.6 256.10 9.0E−02 45.9 CT76 5041.7 7.35 1.9E−01 14.79 Control 175.55 CT76 5041.9 7.33 2.0E−01 14.40 CT81 4992.1 223.50 1.8E−02 27.3 CT76 5041.6 9.28 9.6E−02 44.85 Control 175.55 Control 6.40 NUE208 8354.8 118.28 9.1E−02 17.3 CT81 4992.1 9.60 7.2E−04 49.93 NUE208 8351.3 138.15 8.5E−02 37.0 CT81 4993.5 6.60 8.0E−01 3.07 NUE208 8355.3 128.53 4.9E−02 27.5 Control 6.40 NUE208 8351.5 112.93 3.5E−01 12.0 NUE206 6731.2 7.65 8.4E−01 4.97 Control 100.81 NUE206 6732.9 10.70 7.4E−02 46.83 NUE209 8191.2 135.83 4.0E−01 34.7 NUE206 6732.5 7.98 7.0E−01 9.43 NUE209 8192.13 118.85 2.3E−01 17.9 Control 7.2875 NUE209 8192.14 160.40 1.7E−01 59.1 NUE208 8354.8 6.05 1.0E−01 55.63 NUE209 8191.5 119.28 1.9E−01 18.3 NUE208 8351.3 7.95 4.3E−02 104.50 NUE209 8192.1 134.45 4.5E−01 33.4 NUE208 8355.3 6.63 9.8E−03 70.42 Control 100.81 NUE208 8351.5 6.33 1.0E−02 62.70 NUE211 8265.1 118.48 6.7E−02 47.0 Control 3.89 Control 80.58 NUE209 8191.2 6.20 2.2E−01 59.49 NUE212 8331.1 115.18 4.7E−01 14.2 NUE209 8192.13 5.80 4.4E−02 49.20 NUE212 8335.2 182.98 6.6E−03 81.5 NUE209 8192.14 7.58 6.3E−02 94.86 NUE212 8334.1 121.25 2.6E−01 20.3 NUE209 8191.5 7.85 5.2E−02 101.93 NUE212 8331.4 177.68 1.1E−01 76.2 NUE209 8192.1 5.85 9.5E−02 50.48 Control 100.81 Control 3.89 NUE221 9802.8 134.30 1.6E−01 18.0 NUE210 8202.1 4.83 4.9E−01 24.12 NUE221 9806.1 138.60 9.0E−02 21.8 NUE210 8202.2 6.35 6.3E−03 63.34 Control 113.81 NUE210 8201.3 5.50 4.7E−02 41.48 NUE222 8851.4 131.68 5.8E−03 44.1 Control 3.89 NUE222 8854.1 108.37 6.9E−02 18.6 NUE212 8334.1 5.18 2.2E−01 42.76 NUE222 8853.2 119.23 1.9E−02 30.4 NUE212 8332.1 3.83 7.5E−01 5.52 NUE222 8851.3 161.75 2.1E−02 77.0 NUE212 8331.4 4.75 6.6E−02 31.03 Control 91.40 Control 3.63 NUE227 9851.2 102.75 1.2E−01 26.1 NUE221 9806.1 6.025 1.9E−01 18.7 NUE227 9854.2 84.70 8.3E−01 4.0 Control 5.075 NUE227 9853.4 102.83 2.9E−01 26.2 NUE222 8851.4 4.03 7.9E−01 3.54 NUE227 9853.1 103.23 1.3E−01 26.7 NUE222 8853.2 4.65 2.2E−01 19.61 NUE227 9852.3 101.98 1.4E−01 25.2 NUE222 8851.3 6.45 3.3E−03 65.92 Control 81.48 Control 3.89 NUE230 9154.2 181.58 2.3E−02 48.8 NUE224 9002.2 6.93 2.1E−02 39.55 NUE230 9151.2 125.18 8.8E−01 2.6 NUE224 9001.3 6.83 2.8E−01 37.70 Control 122.05 Control 4.96 NUE231 10633.3 138.98 8.5E−02 22.1 NUE227 9851.2 4.90 3.6E−01 24.05 Control 113.81 NUE227 9854.2 4.60 4.8E−01 16.46 NUE233 10174.3 156.40 3.7E−02 60.8 NUE227 9853.4 4.55 5.3E−01 15.19 NUE233 10174.1 176.20 4.0E−03 81.2 NUE227 9853.1 4.83 1.4E−01 22.15 NUE233 10173.7 103.68 7.4E−01 6.6 NUE227 9852.3 5.18 7.7E−02 31.01 Control 97.24 Control 3.95 NUE233 10174.1 117.95 8.1E−03 37.2 NUE228 10092.2 6.75 2.8E−02 35.34 NUE233 10173.7 95.40 4.6E−01 10.9 Control 4.99 Control 86.00 NUE230 9154.2 7.83 2.2E−02 57.68 NUE235 9691.1 175.50 3.2E−01 43.8 NUE230 9151.2 5.40 5.4E−01 8.82 NUE235 9693.3 178.60 3.1E−03 46.3 NUE230 9153.3 5.28 6.9E−01 6.30 NUE235 9694.3 156.28 2.1E−01 28.0 NUE230 9153.1 5.48 3.3E−01 10.33 Control 122.05 Control 4.96 NUE237 9651.1 159.43 1.6E−01 30.6 NUE231 10633.3 8.425 1.0E−05 66.0 NUE237 9654.4 170.70 4.1E−02 39.9 Control 5.075 NUE237 9654.1 128.70 7.1E−01 5.4 NUE233 10174.3 6.05 5.1E−02 44.05 NUE237 9653.3 133.33 6.1E−01 9.2 NUE233 10174.1 8.15 2.7E−03 94.05 Control 122.05 NUE233 10173.7 4.45 7.3E−01 5.95 NUE239 9192.3 168.58 5.1E−02 27.4 Control 4.20 NUE239 9192.1 142.68 1.7E−01 7.8 NUE235 9694.2 5.25 7.9E−01 5.79 NUE239 9191.2 136.75 5.8E−01 3.3 NUE235 9691.1 7.28 1.6E−01 46.60 Control 132.34 NUE235 9694.4 5.83 4.1E−01 17.38 NUE240 9172.1 157.53 5.3E−03 19.0 NUE235 9693.3 7.28 6.0E−02 46.60 NUE240 9174.3 143.65 1.7E−01 8.5 NUE235 9694.3 7.88 1.5E−02 58.69 Control 132.34 Control 4.96 NUE241 9632.5 133.63 1.4E−01 64.0 NUE237 9651.1 7.03 3.2E−01 41.56 NUE241 9631.3 148.18 3.8E−03 81.9 NUE237 9654.4 8.88 2.0E−02 78.84 NUE241 9632.3 137.60 8.0E−03 68.9 NUE237 9654.1 6.23 6.5E−02 25.44 NUE241 9632.4 131.93 1.9E−02 61.9 NUE237 9653.3 7.08 8.5E−02 42.57 Control 81.48 Control 4.96 NUE242 9212.1 124.50 2.7E−02 48.7 NUE239 9191.1 9.00 5.3E−02 60.71 NUE242 9214.1 89.98 7.5E−01 7.4 NUE239 9191.2 6.13 5.2E−01 9.38 NUE242 9211.2 95.30 4.3E−01 13.8 Control 5.60 NUE242 9213.4 125.50 2.8E−02 49.9 NUE240 9172.4 7.35 3.5E−02 18.55 Control 83.75 NUE240 9174.3 6.53 6.1E−01 5.24 NUE244 9061.1 119.60 2.8E−03 30.9 Control 6.20 NUE244 9061.5 148.80 1.4E−01 62.8 NUE241 9633.4 5.68 6.1E−02 43.67 Control 91.40 NUE241 9632.3 6.55 1.3E−02 65.82 NUE246 9033.6 140.75 1.4E−01 41.2 NUE241 9632.2 6.20 4.4E−02 56.96 NUE246 9033.8 111.20 4.8E−01 11.6 NUE241 9632.4 5.68 7.9E−04 43.67 NUE246 9033.4 148.63 2.7E−03 49.1 Control 3.95 NUE246 9034.1 138.50 6.0E−03 39.0 NUE246 9033.6 4.40 3.2E−01 19.32 NUE246 9031.1 131.63 3.5E−01 32.1 NUE246 9033.8 5.13 1.8E−01 38.98 Control 99.68 NUE246 9033.4 4.73 8.2E−02 28.14 NUE248 8981.5 197.35 1.3E−02 30.1 NUE246 9034.1 6.43 1.7E−02 74.46 Control 151.66 NUE246 9031.1 4.80 2.5E−01 30.17 NUE249 9124.2 82.68 9.2E−01 3.4 Control 3.69 NUE249 9121.4 125.13 2.0E−03 56.5 NUE248 8981.5 7.98 6.0E−02 23.17 NUE249 9123.3 89.55 2.3E−01 12.0 NUE248 8984.1 6.75 7.1E−01 4.25 Control 79.94 NUE248 8981.2 7.35 3.3E−01 13.51 NUE250 9132.1 149.53 4.6E−02 22.5 Control 6.48 NUE250 9133.2 193.20 1.3E−02 58.3 NUE249 9124.2 5.05 7.6E−01 11.60 NUE250 9132.2 152.38 1.8E−01 24.8 NUE249 9121.4 5.50 2.3E−02 21.55 NUE250 9134.1 205.50 5.0E−02 68.4 Control 4.53 Control 122.05 NUE250 9132.1 7.38 4.8E−02 48.61 NUE251 10181.3 175.35 4.7E−03 80.3 NUE250 9133.2 7.95 2.5E−03 60.20 NUE251 10183.2 127.58 1.7E−01 31.2 NUE250 9132.2 7.23 1.0E−01 45.59 NUE251 10183.1 118.03 3.6E−01 21.4 NUE250 9134.1 8.03 1.1E−02 61.71 Control 97.24 Control 4.96 NUE252 9011.3 252.23 1.3E−02 40.9 NUE251 10181.3 7.03 2.9E−02 67.26 NUE252 9012.2 201.53 3.1E−01 12.5 NUE251 10183.2 5.35 2.6E−01 27.38 Control 179.06 NUE251 10183.1 4.93 4.6E−01 17.26 NUE256 10063.4 127.55 1.7E−01 31.2 Control 4.2 NUE256 10064.1 155.88 3.1E−02 60.3 NUE256 10063.4 5.78 1.0E−01 37.50 NUE256 10061.2 158.93 1.1E−02 63.4 NUE256 10064.1 7.40 1.0E−02 76.19 NUE256 10062.4 147.40 1.4E−01 51.6 NUE256 10061.2 6.35 1.8E−02 51.19 NUE256 10063.2 134.18 1.9E−01 38.0 NUE256 10062.4 7.43 1.4E−01 76.79 NUE256 10061.1 101.35 8.3E−01 4.2 NUE256 10063.2 5.73 1.4E−01 36.31 Control 97.24 NUE256 10061.1 4.40 8.0E−01 4.76 NUE256 10061.2 104.20 5.5E−01 21.2 Control 4.20 NUE256 10061.4 127.68 1.8E−01 48.5 NUE512 9284.3 4.65 6.8E−01 5.38 NUE256 10063.2 88.28 8.5E−01 2.6 NUE512 9282.3 7.78 1.3E−02 76.20 Control 86.00 NUE512 9284.4 6.70 2.6E−02 51.84 NUE268 8992.1 108.25 4.3E−01 10.4 Control 4.41 NUE268 8996.3 118.68 5.5E−01 21.0 NUE515 9713.6 6.725 2.4E−02 32.5 NUE268 8996.5 177.25 8.4E−02 80.8 Control 5.075 NUE268 8996.2 112.10 3.7E−01 14.3 NUE516 9291.1 5.78 2.4E−01 16.37 Control 98.05 NUE516 9291.4 7.43 2.7E−02 49.62 NUE269 9104.1 93.80 3.0E−01 23.1 NUE516 9293.2 5.78 4.3E−01 16.37 NUE269 9101.3 94.65 6.2E−03 24.2 Control 4.96 Control 76.20 NUE519 9371.2 11.75 4.8E−02 89.52 NUE512 9284.2 166.53 6.1E−05 73.7 NUE519 9371.1 8.50 1.5E−02 37.10 NUE512 9284.3 112.35 2.1E−01 17.2 NUE519 9372.2 6.60 6.7E−01 6.45 NUE512 9282.3 181.10 1.3E−02 88.9 Control 6.20 NUE512 9284.4 171.70 7.6E−02 79.1 NUE525 9531.2 5.25 3.6E−01 -10.45 Control 95.88 NUE525 9534.1 5.40 4.4E−01 -7.89 NUE515 9712.5 116.43 8.6E−01 2.3 NUE525 9531.3 6.73 4.4E−01 14.71 NUE515 9713.6 148.18 2.0E−02 30.2 NUE525 9533.1 7.43 1.2E−02 26.65 Control 113.81 NUE525 9531.1 7.20 9.9E−02 22.81 NUE514 9404.1 113.98 8.5E−02 36.1 Control 5.86 NUE514 9403.2 94.58 1.2E−01 12.9 NUE531 10083.1 6.58 4.2E−02 31.83 NUE514 9402.5 99.38 3.5E−01 18.7 NUE531 10082.2 6.25 1.6E−01 25.31 Control 83.75 NUE531 10081.4 8.50 2.4E−02 70.43 NUE516 9291.1 128.58 6.7E−01 5.3 NUE531 10081.5 8.03 2.5E−02 60.90 NUE516 9291.4 165.93 1.5E−01 35.9 Control 4.99 NUE516 9293.2 139.73 5.7E−01 14.5 NUE532 9222.4 6.15 3.5E−05 44.71 Control 122.05 NUE532 9222.1 6.98 1.3E−02 64.12 NUE519 9371.2 182.10 1.5E−02 37.6 NUE532 9223.3 5.53 1.4E−01 30.00 Control 132.34 NUE532 9224.4 4.43 4.4E−01 4.12 NUE521 9363.1 107.40 3.1E−01 28.2 Control 4.25 NUE521 9362.2 119.80 2.6E−02 43.0 NUE536 9233.3 6.03 4.8E−03 63.39 NUE521 9361.2 136.10 3.5E−04 62.5 NUE536 9234.1 4.55 3.3E−01 23.39 NUE521 9361.3 104.15 3.8E−01 24.4 NUE536 9231.3 4.08 5.7E−01 10.51 NUE521 9363.4 132.95 5.8E−03 58.7 NUE536 9232.4 3.98 6.1E−01 7.80 Control 83.75 Control 3.69 NUE523 9412.5 190.08 2.4E−01 25.3 NUE537 9391.1 5.08 3.5E−01 15.01 NUE523 9414.2 192.23 1.9E−01 26.7 NUE537 9393.2 4.53 9.2E−01 2.55 NUE523 9412.1 187.50 2.8E−02 23.6 NUE537 9394.4 5.90 2.8E−01 33.71 Control 151.66 NUE537 9391.2 5.53 2.2E−01 25.21 NUE527 9201.1 111.28 3.2E−03 273.7 NUE537 9393.3 5.63 2.7E−02 27.48 NUE527 9202.6 51.70 2.1E−02 73.6 Control 4.41 NUE527 9203.2 49.77 4.3E−02 67.1 NUE539 10101.5 6.78 4.4E−03 61.31 NUE527 9204.1 45.83 3.0E−01 53.9 NUE539 10103.5 5.63 1.7E−01 33.93 Control 29.78 NUE539 10101.2 7.43 4.4E−02 76.79 NUE531 10083.1 159.05 9.2E−02 38.1 NUE539 10101.7 7.05 2.3E−02 67.86 NUE531 10082.2 154.43 1.6E−02 34.1 NUE539 10103.4 4.88 3.6E−01 16.07 NUE531 10081.4 173.70 5.9E−02 50.8 Control 4.20 NUE531 10081.5 154.38 1.9E−02 34.0 NUE542 9333.2 8.35 2.6E−02 89.24 Control 115.16 NUE542 9334.1 4.80 5.2E−01 8.78 NUE531 10081.4 128.20 3.4E−02 49.1 NUE542 9331.3 4.83 6.9E−01 9.35 NUE531 10083.2 91.95 6.4E−01 6.9 NUE542 9334.3 4.65 8.1E−01 5.38 NUE531 10081.5 165.43 5.5E−02 92.4 Control 4.41 Control 86.00 NUE548 9095.2 8.05 2.6E−01 44.07 NUE532 9222.4 143.08 9.9E−02 70.8 NUE548 9095.4 8.60 4.7E−02 53.91 NUE532 9222.1 106.98 2.3E−01 27.7 NUE548 9091.1 6.43 3.0E−01 14.99 NUE532 9223.3 100.20 1.3E−01 19.6 Control 5.59 Control 83.75 NUE549 9343.7 7.67 2.2E−02 54.88 NUE532 9222.4 118.33 7.6E−02 41.3 Control 4.95 NUE532 9222.1 170.88 1.1E−01 104.0 NUE550 9143.1 5.75 3.9E−04 35.29 NUE532 9223.3 115.80 3.1E−01 38.3 NUE550 9143.4 6.85 7.3E−03 61.18 NUE532 9223.5 104.90 7.7E−01 25.3 NUE550 9142.2 6.45 1.6E−02 51.76 NUE532 9224.4 110.48 6.3E−01 31.9 Control 4.25 Control 98.05 NUE553 9181.5 5.55 7.6E−02 30.59 NUE535 9082.2 32.95 4.7E−01 10.7 NUE553 9184.3 4.58 6.3E−01 7.65 NUE535 9086.2 73.97 3.2E−02 148.4 NUE553 9182.2 4.70 2.4E−01 10.59 NUE535 9086.3 51.43 6.0E−02 72.7 Control 4.25 NUE535 9081.1 61.90 1.9E−01 107.9 NUE554 9114.1 4.33 9.4E−01 1.76 NUE535 9084.4 57.00 9.3E−03 91.4 NUE554 9115.2 6.88 1.3E−02 61.76 Control 29.78 NUE554 9114.2 5.35 1.8E−02 25.88 NUE537 9391.1 131.75 2.2E−01 37.4 NUE554 9115.3 4.45 5.9E−01 4.71 NUE537 9393.2 110.88 3.9E−01 15.6 Control 4.25 NUE537 9394.4 214.60 6.4E−02 123.8 NUE564 9242.3 4.55 6.7E−05 114.12 NUE537 9391.2 141.33 3.2E−02 47.4 NUE564 9243.2 4.03 7.8E−02 89.41 NUE537 9393.3 136.40 2.1E−04 42.3 NUE564 9242.4 3.28 3.6E−02 54.12 Control 95.88 NUE564 9242.2 3.90 7.6E−02 83.53 NUE538 9782.4 108.85 2.7E−01 33.6 NUE564 9243.4 4.35 2.2E−06 104.71 NUE538 9781.4 95.73 4.5E−01 17.5 Control 2.13 NUE538 9781.1 94.65 2.6E−01 16.2 NUE567 9263.2 3.15 2.1E−01 48.24 NUE538 9782.1 145.73 8.8E−02 78.9 NUE567 9261.3 3.05 1.8E−02 43.53 Control 81.48 NUE567 9263.3 3.28 8.5E−03 54.12 NUE539 10101.5 163.80 2.4E−02 68.5 NUE567 9261.4 3.28 5.9E−03 54.12 NUE539 10103.5 124.98 2.8E−01 28.5 Control 2.13 NUE539 10101.2 177.98 2.7E−02 83.0 NUE569 9384.4 2.63 3.0E−01 23.53 NUE539 10101.7 162.73 2.5E−02 67.3 NUE569 9381.2 5.20 1.8E−02 144.71 NUE539 10103.4 105.13 7.6E−01 8.1 NUE569 9381.5 2.90 5.3E−01 36.47 Control 97.24 NUE569 9381.3 4.53 1.3E−01 112.94 NUE542 9333.2 165.80 6.0E−02 72.9 NUE569 9384.2 3.58 4.5E−01 68.24 NUE542 9331.3 150.08 9.7E−02 56.5 Control 2.13 NUE542 9334.3 153.73 2.9E−03 60.3 NUE570 9311.4 4.23 1.6E−01 98.82 NUE542 9332.1 167.08 1.0E−01 74.3 NUE570 9313.3 3.85 5.1E−02 81.18 Control 95.88 NUE570 9314.4 3.58 8.1E−01 68.24 NUE542 9333.2 169.30 1.0E−01 38.7 NUE570 9314.1 4.25 4.3E−02 100.00 NUE542 9332.1 165.13 3.6E−02 35.3 NUE570 9312.3 4.33 4.8E−01 103.53 Control 122.05 Control 2.13 NUE543 10051.2 99.90 1.4E−01 22.6 NUE571 9304.2 4.28 1.1E−02 101.18 NUE543 10051.6 113.23 1.8E−01 39.0 NUE571 9304.3 4.15 1.7E−02 95.29 NUE543 10053.1 97.10 3.1E−01 19.2 NUE571 9303.2 5.13 6.8E−05 141.18 NUE543 10054.2 121.08 9.3E−03 48.6 NUE571 9302.3 3.63 7.7E−02 70.59 Control 81.48 NUE571 9301.4 3.90 1.9E−02 83.53 NUE544 9764.1 143.68 3.0E−02 33.9 Control 2.13 NUE544 9763.4 115.60 4.9E−01 7.7 NUE572 9321.3 3.35 2.6E−02 57.65 NUE544 9764.2 127.50 1.6E−01 18.8 NUE572 9321.1 4.50 2.2E−02 111.76 NUE544 9763.3 123.08 3.5E−02 14.7 NUE572 9322.1 3.03 1.2E−01 42.35 Control 107.29 NUE572 9324.3 4.10 1.5E−02 92.94 NUE549 9343.7 142.03 1.9E−02 19.6 NUE572 9322.2 3.63 1.2E−02 70.59 Control 118.75 Control 2.13 NUE550 9141.3 109.05 5.0E−01 11.2 NUE573 9491.4 5.65 3.2E−01 14.14 NUE550 9143.1 136.53 1.7E−01 39.2 NUE573 9491.1 6.18 1.2E−01 24.75 NUE550 9143.4 161.73 1.3E−02 64.9 NUE573 9493.2 5.53 3.2E−01 11.78 NUE550 9142.2 131.30 5.7E−02 33.9 Control 4.95 Control 98.05 NUE574 10364.2 5.73 2.9E−01 11.98 NUE553 9181.5 52.48 2.2E−04 76.2 NUE574 10366.2 7.08 5.3E−02 38.39 NUE553 9184.1 57.30 3.2E−03 92.4 Control 5.11 NUE553 9184.3 82.23 1.3E−05 176.2 NUE576 9791.3 6.70 8.6E−04 69.62 NUE553 9185.2 56.35 8.3E−04 89.3 NUE576 9792.4 5.18 6.6E−02 31.01 NUE553 9182.2 68.93 8.8E−03 131.5 NUE576 9794.1 4.78 4.0E−01 20.89 Control 29.78 NUE576 9793.3 5.65 8.4E−04 43.04 NUE554 9115.2 215.73 3.9E−02 120.0 Control 3.95 NUE554 9114.2 116.98 1.9E−01 19.3 NUE581 9723.6 5.875 2.7E−01 15.8 Control 98.05 NUE581 9724.9 5.425 6.3E−01 6.9 NUE564 9242.3 120.53 8.6E−03 25.7 Control 5.075 NUE564 9243.2 130.18 2.3E−02 35.8 NUE582 9564.2 5.28 5.6E−01 6.30 NUE564 9242.2 221.87 6.4E−02 131.4 NUE582 9562.4 6.45 1.8E−01 29.97 NUE564 9243.4 121.85 1.0E−01 27.1 NUE582 9561.2 6.95 1.4E−03 40.05 Control 95.88 Control 4.96 NUE567 9263.2 133.50 8.5E−02 39.2 NUE583 9673.1 5.80 1.1E−01 46.84 NUE567 9261.2 133.75 2.6E−01 39.5 NUE583 9673.2 4.33 2.7E−01 9.49 Control 95.88 NUE583 9671.2 5.28 2.1E−01 33.54 NUE568 9461.2 164.90 7.0E−02 38.9 NUE583 9671.1 4.88 3.7E−01 23.42 Control 118.75 Control 3.95 NUE569 9381.2 97.40 1.5E−01 20.5 NUE585 9662.4 4.65 3.3E−01 26.10 NUE569 9381.3 108.85 7.3E−02 34.7 NUE585 9661.5 4.78 5.4E−02 29.49 NUE569 9384.2 93.95 9.3E−02 16.2 NUE585 9661.3 3.90 6.6E−01 5.76 Control 80.83 NUE585 9662.1 4.00 6.9E−01 8.47 NUE570 9311.4 127.53 1.3E−01 33.0 NUE585 9661.1 4.43 2.5E−01 20.00 NUE570 9314.1 135.55 3.8E−01 41.4 Control 3.69 NUE570 9312.3 143.83 3.5E−02 50.0 NUE586 9751.1 5.38 1.9E−01 22.86 Control 95.88 NUE586 9751.7 6.43 1.4E−01 46.86 NUE573 9491.1 135.18 6.0E−02 13.8 NUE586 9752.1 8.15 3.7E−04 86.29 Control 118.75 Control 4.38 NUE574 10364.2 110.48 2.1E−02 28.5 NUE587 9643.2 7.45 8.6E−03 70.29 NUE574 10362.2 89.95 7.8E−01 4.6 NUE587 9643.1 5.58 9.3E−02 27.43 NUE574 10366.2 153.38 8.1E−02 78.3 NUE587 9642.2 4.50 8.7E−01 2.86 Control 86.00 NUE587 9641.3 6.88 4.2E−02 57.14 NUE576 9791.3 164.75 1.6E−02 102.2 Control 4.38 NUE576 9792.3 90.20 4.8E−01 10.7 NUE588 9591.3 5.03 5.9E−02 36.27 NUE576 9792.4 106.40 1.0E−01 30.6 NUE588 9591.4 3.75 9.4E−01 1.69 NUE576 9794.1 108.43 1.9E−01 33.1 NUE588 9592.2 4.68 3.7E−01 26.78 NUE576 9793.3 136.93 6.6E−02 68.1 NUE588 9592.4 4.98 1.7E−01 34.92 Control 81.48 NUE588 9592.1 3.98 7.2E−01 7.80 NUE583 9673.4 171.65 5.2E−03 99.6 Control 3.69 NUE583 9673.2 117.30 3.2E−03 36.4 NUE592 9744.5 9.000 3.7E−07 77.3 Control 86.00 NUE592 9747.5 7.900 2.1E−05 55.7 NUE585 9662.4 135.60 1.7E−01 36.0 Control 5.075 NUE585 9661.5 122.20 6.2E−02 22.6 Control 99.68 NUE586 9751.1 153.83 2.1E−01 88.8 NUE586 9752.1 194.23 2.2E−02 138.4 Control 129.73 NUE587 9643.2 156.78 2.0E−01 92.4 NUE587 9641.3 180.28 6.6E−02 121.3 Control 129.73 NUE592 9744.5 187.48 1.8E−06 64.7 NUE592 9747.5 155.45 5.0E−03 36.6 Control 113.81 Table 24: Analyses of plant biomass (plant fresh and dry weight) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment.

TABLE 25 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (leaf area) under nitrogen deficient conditions Leaf Area [cm²] Gene Name Event # Average p-value % increment CT11 4894.3 0.70 4.9E−02 43.10 CT11 4892.3 0.77 4.0E−02 57.27 CT11 4892.2 0.65 7.4E−02 33.68 CT11 4893.2 0.51 6.3E−01 4.12 CT11 4892.1 0.93 1.2E−02 91.25 Control 0.49 CT27 5033.7 0.40 8.2E−01 3.15 CT27 5031.4 0.59 7.3E−04 50.88 CT27 5035.2 0.52 9.6E−03 33.43 CT27 5033.4 0.45 5.2E−01 14.02 Control 0.39 CT6 4943.1 0.58 1.1E−01 47.28 CT6 4941.4 0.56 6.0E−02 43.93 Control 0.39 CT76 5044.6 0.58 2.9E−01 19.76 CT76 5041.5 0.74 1.1E−01 50.86 CT76 5043.5 0.81 2.8E−04 66.21 CT76 5041.9 0.79 5.4E−02 61.76 CT76 5041.6 0.80 7.2E−03 64.90 Control 0.49 CT81 4992.1 0.70 3.0E−04 44.35 CT81 4993.6 0.50 8.2E−01 3.08 CT81 4993.5 0.59 3.2E−01 20.36 CT81 4992.2 0.69 8.9E−02 41.46 Control 0.49 NUE206 6731.2 0.34 1.4E−02 30.90 NUE206 6732.7 0.30 1.9E−01 15.55 Control 0.26 NUE208 8354.8 0.33 4.7E−01 8.19 NUE208 8351.3 0.43 5.8E−02 44.03 NUE208 8355.3 0.37 7.4E−02 22.98 NUE208 8351.5 0.31 7.3E−01 3.72 Control 0.30 NUE209 8192.13 0.39 1.6E−01 30.67 NUE209 8192.14 0.47 5.9E−02 56.92 NUE209 8191.5 0.32 6.9E−01 4.74 Control 0.30 NUE209 8192.13 0.45 4.7E−03 34.55 NUE209 8191.5 0.51 2.8E−02 53.15 NUE209 8192.14 0.40 1.5E−01 20.45 Control 0.33 NUE211 8265.1 0.35 7.9E−02 17.46 Control 0.30 NUE212 8335.2 0.43 1.7E−03 43.62 NUE212 8334.1 0.33 5.3E−01 10.76 NUE212 8331.4 0.44 3.5E−02 44.45 Control 0.30 NUE221 9801.1 0.500 1.0E−01 20.5 NUE221 9802.8 0.505 8.2E−02 21.8 NUE221 9806.1 0.666 4.2E−06 60.5 Control 0.415 NUE224 9001.3 0.62 1.7E−03 38.99 Control 0.44 NUE225 9732.8 0.445 5.6E−01 7.2 NUE225 9734.5 0.484 1.8E−01 16.6 NUE225 9734.9 0.439 6.4E−01 5.7 Control 0.415 NUE230 9154.2 0.52 7.3E−02 17.73 NUE230 9151.2 0.50 1.2E−01 12.59 Control 0.44 NUE231 10633.3 0.573 2.8E−04 38.1 Control 0.415 NUE233 10174.3 0.47 8.4E−03 54.39 NUE233 10174.1 0.75 2.8E−04 146.46 NUE233 10172.5 0.32 6.6E−01 6.03 NUE233 10173.7 0.39 3.5E−02 26.43 Control 0.31 NUE237 9651.1 0.52 4.4E−01 17.13 NUE237 9654.4 0.57 1.1E−01 29.19 NUE237 9654.1 0.54 2.2E−02 21.91 Control 0.44 NUE239 9191.1 0.66 4.6E−02 57.34 Control 0.42 NUE240 9172.2 0.68 1.4E−03 63.63 NUE240 9174.3 0.55 7.7E−02 32.26 Control 0.42 NUE240 9174.2 0.54 7.7E−01 4.29 NUE240 9172.1 0.71 7.8E−03 35.86 NUE240 9174.3 0.57 4.2E−01 9.74 Control 0.52 NUE241 9633.4 0.56 2.1E−05 47.36 NUE241 9632.2 0.44 1.4E−01 15.74 NUE241 9632.4 0.49 2.4E−01 28.11 Control 0.38 NUE241 9631.3 0.53 3.9E−03 36.03 NUE241 9632.3 0.54 7.5E−02 40.72 NUE241 9632.4 0.49 1.1E−01 26.49 Control 0.39 NUE242 9212.1 0.56 2.9E−02 50.18 NUE242 9213.4 0.43 1.3E−01 14.72 Control 0.37 NUE246 9033.6 0.44 8.7E−01 3.16 NUE246 9033.8 0.51 1.8E−01 21.26 NUE246 9033.4 0.50 2.6E−01 18.30 NUE246 9034.1 0.64 2.1E−02 52.45 NUE246 9031.1 0.49 4.7E−01 15.11 Control 0.42 NUE248 8981.5 0.58 4.6E−02 38.97 NUE248 8981.2 0.51 3.1E−02 22.19 Control 0.42 NUE251 10181.3 0.54 7.6E−06 75.63 NUE251 10183.2 0.42 2.3E−02 38.78 NUE251 10183.1 0.42 5.4E−03 38.58 Control 0.31 NUE251 10183.2 0.84 1.0E−02 72.56 NUE251 10182.1 0.57 1.2E−01 18.26 Control 0.49 NUE256 10063.4 0.43 6.3E−01 5.53 NUE256 10064.1 0.54 1.3E−02 30.76 NUE256 10061.1 0.45 5.2E−01 10.87 Control 0.41 NUE256 10063.4 0.58 6.6E−02 90.27 NUE256 10064.1 0.59 1.1E−02 94.09 NUE256 10061.2 0.68 9.5E−06 122.00 NUE256 10062.4 0.64 8.2E−03 108.97 NUE256 10063.2 0.52 9.2E−03 68.33 Control 0.31 NUE256 10061.2 0.75 5.3E−05 53.75 NUE256 10061.4 0.71 1.4E−02 46.02 NUE256 10063.2 0.52 4.1E−01 6.83 Control 0.49 NUE268 8996.5 0.65 4.3E−02 21.87 Control 0.53 NUE511 9273.1 0.47 4.7E−01 13.04 NUE511 9271.2 0.54 2.2E−02 28.41 Control 0.42 NUE512 9282.3 0.72 2.1E−02 68.37 NUE512 9284.4 0.60 7.8E−03 39.86 Control 0.43 NUE514 9404.1 0.49 1.1E−02 30.78 NUE514 9402.2 0.41 5.1E−01 10.03 NUE514 9403.2 0.42 1.5E−01 12.66 NUE514 9402.5 0.42 5.1E−01 13.45 Control 0.37 NUE515 9712.5 0.454 4.5E−01 9.4 NUE515 9713.6 0.648 1.7E−05 56.1 Control 0.415 NUE520 9771.4 0.40 3.1E−03 31.70 Control 0.31 NUE521 9362.2 0.50 7.5E−02 33.38 NUE521 9361.2 0.43 1.6E−01 14.92 NUE521 9363.4 0.57 1.3E−03 54.08 Control 0.37 NUE521 9363.4 0.63 8.6E−02 31.31 Control 0.48 NUE523 9412.5 0.59 1.9E−01 40.65 NUE523 9414.2 0.48 1.6E−01 16.08 NUE523 9412.1 0.65 7.4E−03 55.07 Control 0.42 NUE525 9531.2 0.44 2.9E−01 15.42 NUE525 9534.1 0.45 3.8E−01 17.35 NUE525 9531.3 0.51 6.2E−02 34.94 NUE525 9533.1 0.54 6.9E−02 42.25 NUE525 9531.1 0.49 2.7E−03 29.15 Control 0.38 NUE527 9201.1 0.44 6.7E−02 22.51 Control 0.36 NUE528 9072.1 0.48 4.5E−02 17.39 NUE528 9073.1 0.42 7.8E−01 3.17 Control 0.41 NUE531 10083.1 0.74 2.0E−02 31.74 NUE531 10082.2 0.69 3.0E−02 22.95 NUE531 10081.4 0.75 8.8E−02 32.91 NUE531 10081.5 0.75 1.3E−01 33.71 Control 0.56 NUE535 9082.2 0.37 4.1E−01 22.10 NUE535 9084.2 0.37 4.6E−02 22.19 NUE535 9081.1 0.43 1.7E−01 41.23 NUE535 9083.1 0.63 2.8E−03 105.40 NUE535 9084.4 0.46 8.7E−03 50.93 Control 0.31 NUE537 9391.2 0.65 1.6E−02 51.35 NUE537 9393.3 0.76 3.4E−03 76.76 Control 0.43 NUE539 10101.5 0.53 1.2E−02 74.32 NUE539 10103.5 0.50 6.6E−05 63.28 NUE539 10101.2 0.60 7.3E−05 96.27 NUE539 10101.7 0.68 3.9E−03 121.77 NUE539 10103.4 0.32 8.9E−01 4.57 Control 0.31 NUE542 9333.2 0.56 2.0E−02 25.55 Control 0.44 NUE543 10051.2 0.43 4.6E−01 11.78 NUE543 10051.6 0.52 1.7E−02 33.53 Control 0.39 NUE544 9764.2 0.49 9.7E−02 19.20 Control 0.41 NUE548 9095.2 0.59 3.4E−03 41.28 NUE548 9095.3 0.47 3.1E−01 13.55 NUE548 9092.2 0.55 1.8E−01 32.59 Control 0.42 NUE548 9095.2 0.67 3.3E−01 10.81 NUE548 9095.4 0.82 5.7E−02 36.33 NUE548 9091.1 0.71 2.4E−02 17.16 Control 0.60 NUE568 9471.3 0.54 3.5E−02 18.92 NUE568 9472.2 0.64 3.6E−04 41.93 Control 0.45 NUE573 9491.4 0.59 6.8E−02 29.98 NUE573 9491.1 0.51 6.1E−01 13.35 NUE573 9494.3 0.52 2.8E−01 14.77 Control 0.45 NUE574 10364.2 0.63 8.1E−04 28.96 NUE574 10366.2 0.81 4.0E−03 66.05 Control 0.49 NUE576 9791.3 0.47 8.9E−02 21.80 NUE576 9792.3 0.39 9.8E−01 0.42 NUE576 9792.4 0.48 1.5E−01 24.25 NUE576 9794.1 0.46 1.3E−01 19.07 NUE576 9793.3 0.49 6.6E−02 25.95 Control 0.39 NUE581 9723.6 0.449 5.0E−01 8.3 NUE581 9724.9 0.583 1.5E−03 40.6 Control 0.415 NUE582 9562.4 0.54 7.0E−02 21.31 NUE582 9561.2 0.51 6.2E−02 14.15 Control 0.44 NUE583 9673.1 0.56 6.5E−02 46.13 Control 0.39 NUE583 9673.4 0.91 2.1E−02 88.22 NUE583 9673.2 0.65 8.8E−02 34.45 Control 0.49 NUE586 9751.7 0.52 3.8E−01 11.42 NUE586 9752.1 0.62 1.1E−02 31.98 Control 0.47 NUE586 9751.7 0.50 2.3E−01 23.80 NUE586 9751.3 0.42 6.9E−01 3.28 NUE586 9752.4 0.53 3.2E−02 30.20 NUE586 9752.1 0.53 2.9E−01 30.75 Control 0.41 NUE587 9643.2 0.58 1.5E−02 24.86 Control 0.47 NUE592 9741.7 0.462 3.7E−01 11.3 NUE592 9744.5 0.721 4.3E−08 73.7 NUE592 9747.4 0.472 2.7E−01 13.8 NUE592 9747.5 0.711 1.0E−07 71.4 Control Table 25: Analyses of plant biomass (leaf area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Table 26, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE since they produced larger root biomass when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. Plants producing larger root biomass have better possibilities to absorb larger amount of nitrogen from soil.

Table 26 depicts analyses of root biomass (root length and root coverage) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the second experiment confirmed the significant increment in root performance. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 26 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved root performance under nitrogen deficient conditions Roots Length [cm] Roots Coverage [cm²] Gene Event % Gene Event % Name # Ave. p-value incr. Name # Ave. p-value incr. CT1 4844.5 3.445 1.1E−01 19.68 CT11 4894.3 8.833 4.1E−01 16.49 CT1 4841.2 3.580 2.6E−01 24.38 CT11 4892.2 8.345 6.3E−01 10.06 Control 2.879 CT11 4892.1 9.792 8.1E−02 29.14 CT27 5035.2 4.246 1.7E−03 47.50 Control 7.582 Control 2.879 CT22 5023.1 4.110 2.1E−01 49.46 CT27 5033.4 4.384 2.4E−02 29.17 Control 2.750 Control 3.394 CT27 5031.4 5.380 5.8E−01 10.31 CT75 4873.4 4.829 3.9E−01 9.29 CT27 5033.4 6.993 1.0E−01 43.38 CT75 4873.3 6.119 2.2E−03 38.51 Control 4.877 Control 4.418 CT27 5035.2 5.220 3.8E−02 89.83 CT76 5044.6 3.723 1.9E−01 9.70 Control 2.750 CT76 5041.5 4.025 3.1E−02 18.59 CT6 4943.1 7.564 2.3E−01 55.08 CT76 5043.5 3.614 6.2E−01 6.49 CT6 4941.4 7.260 1.8E−01 48.86 CT76 5041.6 3.651 2.9E−01 7.58 Control 4.877 CT76 5041.9 3.970 5.6E−02 16.98 CT75 4873.4 5.384 6.2E−01 10.40 Control 3.394 CT75 4873.3 6.378 1.6E−01 30.78 NUE206 6731.2 4.717 1.4E−03 36.19 Control 4.877 NUE206 6732.9 3.952 1.7E−01 14.11 CT76 5044.6 4.762 2.6E−02 39.62 NUE206 6732.5 3.624 7.7E−01 4.64 CT76 5041.5 4.729 6.0E−02 38.66 Control 3.463 CT76 5043.5 5.470 1.3E−01 60.38 NUE208 8355.3 4.721 7.5E−02 36.30 CT76 5041.9 5.282 1.3E−02 54.87 Control 3.463 Control 3.410 NUE209 8192.14 4.584 5.7E−02 32.34 NUE206 6731.2 7.467 1.3E−01 95.14 Control 3.463 NUE206 6732.7 4.706 3.7E−01 22.98 NUE212 8331.1 5.110 2.1E−01 9.85 Control 3.826 NUE212 8332.2 5.868 9.1E−02 26.14 NUE206 6731.2 6.249 2.8E−02 92.41 NUE212 8331.4 4.910 5.8E−01 5.55 NUE206 6732.5 4.433 4.0E−01 36.49 Control 4.652 Control 3.248 NUE221 9801.1 4.34 1.6E−01 13.5 NUE208 8354.8 4.799 5.0E−01 17.29 NUE221 9801.7 3.84 9.0E−01 0.4 NUE208 8351.3 5.763 7.7E−02 40.86 NUE221 9802.8 4.68 2.1E−02 22.5 Control 4.091 Control 3.82 NUE209 8192.13 5.110 7.0E−02 24.91 NUE222 8854.1 4.997 7.0E−02 7.48 NUE209 8192.14 5.450 1.7E−01 33.21 Control 4.649 Control 4.091 NUE223 9613.1 4.236 5.0E−01 10.38 NUE209 8192.14 5.624 5.5E−02 73.16 NUE223 9611.5 5.091 6.8E−03 32.67 Control 3.248 NUE223 9612.3 4.868 1.6E−01 26.86 NUE210 8202.2 5.208 1.0E−01 27.29 Control 3.837 Control 4.091 NUE225 9731.7 4.58 4.0E−02 20.0 NUE212 8335.2 6.338 2.8E−02 54.92 NUE225 9731.8 4.30 2.0E−01 12.5 NUE212 8334.1 4.541 3.4E−01 10.99 NUE225 9732.8 4.09 4.7E−01 6.9 NUE212 8331.4 6.188 1.3E−01 51.26 NUE225 9734.5 4.07 4.9E−01 6.5 Control 4.091 NUE225 9734.9 4.26 2.3E−01 11.5 NUE212 8332.2 8.847 2.5E−01 56.56 Control 3.82 NUE212 8331.4 6.998 2.5E−01 23.84 NUE228 10092.2 4.242 1.4E−01 13.89 Control 5.651 NUE228 10093.1 4.106 2.5E−01 10.23 NUE221 9801.1 5.06 1.4E−01 29.7 Control 3.725 NUE221 9802.8 5.89 1.2E−03 50.9 NUE231 10631.3 4.27 2.3E−01 11.6 NUE221 9806.1 4.39 5.4E−01 12.3 NUE231 10631.4 4.08 4.8E−01 6.8 Control NUE231 10633.3 4.34 1.6E−01 13.5 NUE223 9613.1 5.411 2.9E−01 16.86 Control 3.82 NUE223 9612.3 5.162 2.9E−01 11.49 NUE233 10174.3 3.942 4.0E−01 7.65 Control 4.630 NUE233 10174.1 4.973 2.8E−02 35.83 NUE223 9611.5 8.701 1.9E−02 67.39 NUE233 10173.5 4.903 2.0E−02 33.89 NUE223 9612.3 6.493 2.6E−01 24.90 NUE233 10172.5 4.240 1.3E−01 15.78 Control 5.198 NUE233 10173.7 4.289 1.7E−01 17.14 NUE225 9731.7 4.77 2.7E−01 22.1 Control 3.662 Control 3.90 NUE233 10174.1 4.253 1.5E−02 16.86 NUE228 10092.2 5.763 7.2E−02 34.52 NUE233 10173.5 4.101 3.7E−01 12.66 NUE228 10093.3 5.099 1.5E−01 19.02 NUE233 10172.5 3.911 1.0E−01 7.44 NUE228 10093.1 5.468 1.2E−01 27.63 NUE233 10173.7 4.544 1.3E−01 24.84 Control 4.284 Control 3.640 NUE231 10631.3 4.31 5.9E−01 10.5 NUE234 9162.1 4.574 9.8E−02 23.62 NUE231 10631.4 4.87 2.1E−01 24.8 Control 3.700 NUE231 10633.3 6.21 3.6E−03 59.1 NUE235 9693.4 4.908 6.4E−02 22.32 Control NUE235 9691.1 4.310 4.9E−01 1017.43 NUE233 101.74.3 4.340 2.8E−01 24.27 NUE235 9694.4 4.347 4.0E−01 8.36 NUE233 10174.1 7.195 2.6E−04 106.04 NUE235 9694.3 5.377 3.4E−02 34.03 NUE233 10173.5 4.086 3.5E−01 17.00 Control 4.012 NUE233 10173.7 4.955 5.4E−02 41.90 NUE239 9192.3 5.241 4.4E−04 36.59 Control 3.492 NUE239 9192.1 4.041 5.6E−01 5.31 NUE235 9693.4 6.311 7.2E−03 44.37 NUE239 9191.2 4.081 4.2E−01 6.35 NUE235 9691.1 5.246 3.3E−02 20.00 Control 3.837 NUE235 9694.4 5.145 1.4E−01 17.69 NUE240 9172.1 4.624 1.3E−02 20.49 NUE235 9694.3 6.927 4.8E−02 58.46 Control 3.837 Control 4.371 NUE241 9633.4 6.137 3.4E−06 52.97 NUE237 9654.4 7.760 1.1E−01 38.68 NUE241 96 32.3 4.772 2.4E−01 18.94 NUE237 9654.1 7.127 3.0E−01 27.37 NUE241 9632.2 5.157 3.2E−04 28.54 Control 5.596 NUE241 9632.4 5.016 2.0E−01 25.02 NUE239 9192.3 8.844 6.5E−05 70.14 Control 4.012 NUE239 9191.2 5.903 2.8E−01 13.55 NUE242 9212.1 4.373 4.9E−01 6.96 Control 5.198 NUE242 9211.2 4.328 5.2E−01 5.86 NUE240 9172.2 5.902 5.7E−02 27.47 NUE242 9213.4 5.474 1.3E−03 33.89 NUE240 9174.3 5.530 1.2E−01 19.43 Control 4.088 Control 4.630 NUE242 9212.1 4.552 1.0E−01 29.06 NUE240 9172.1 7.568 1.8E−02 45.59 Control 3.527 Control 5.198 NUE245 10641.7 4.388 9.4E−02 20.56 NUE241 9633.4 9.643 7.2E−07 120.61 NUE245 10641.8 4.657 7.4E−03 27.95 NUE241 9632.3 5.344 3.9E−01 22.26 NUE245 10643.4 3.906 2.1E−01 7.31 NUE241 9632.2 6.559 3.6E−02 50.05 Control 3.640 NUE241 9632.4 6.451 1.3E−01 47.58 NUE246 9033.4 4.695 4.8E−01 7.49 Control 4.371 NUE246 9031.1 5.062 8.4E−02 15.90 NUE241 9632.5 5.170 5.1E−01 15.54 Control 4.368 NUE241 9632.3 6.198 8.3E−02 38.51 NUE250 9134.1 4.593 1.6E−01 5.15 NUE241 9632.4 5.754 1.6E−01 28.58 NUE250 9132.2 4.590 3.3E−01 5.09 Control 4.475 Control 4.088 NUE242 9212.1 5.873 4.1E−01 11.59 NUE251 10181.3 3.907 2.6E−01 7.34 NUE242 9213.4 8.125 1.6E−02 54.40 NUE251 10183.2 4.763 7.9E−02 30.87 Control 5.262 Control 3.640 NUE242 9212.1 5.679 1.2E−01 67.87 NUE256 10063.4 5.259 1.4E−02 3 NUE242 3.4 4.572 2.4E−01 35.15 NUE256 10064.1 4.734 2.3E−02 29.28 Control 3.383 NUE256 10061.2 4.281 1.3E−01 16.92 NUE245 10641.8 4.795 1.3E−01 22.01 NUE256 10062.4 3.855 7.0E−01 5.28 Control 3.930 NUE256 10063.2 5.276 5.5E−03 44.10 NUE246 9033.8 6.003 2.5E−01 20.21 Control 3.662 NUE246 9033.4 5.693 4.7E−01 14.00 NUE512 9284.3 4.875 1.0E−01 17.48 NUE246 9034.1 6.292 1.7E−01 25.99 NUE512 9282.3 4.442 4.4E−01 7.05 NUE246 9031.1 7.329 6.6E−03 46.77 NUE512 9284.4 6.172 3.9E−04 48.73 Control 4.994 Control 4.150 NUE250 9134.1 5.762 4.8E−01 9.49 NUE513 9681.6 5.009 1.7E−03 30.52 NUE250 9132.2 7.281 2.7E−01 38.35 NUE513 9683.2 4.506 8.6E−02 17.42 Control 5.262 Control 3.837 NUE251 10181.3 4.289 1.9E−01 22.81 NUE514 9404.1 4.333 5.3E−01 5.99 NUE251 10183.2 4.689 1.4E−01 34.27 NUE514 9404.5 4.906 4.1E−02 20.00 NUE251 10183.1 4.709 1.9E−01 34.86 NUE514 9403.2 4.451 6.9E−02 8.87 Control 3.492 NUE514 9402.5 4.644 2.1E−01 13.59 NUE251 10183.2 6.691 3.8E−02 70.25 Control 4.088 NUE251 10181.1 4.687 4.8E−01 19.25 NUE514 9403.2 4.874 2.1E−02 38.20 Control 3.930 NUE514 9402.5 4.044 2.9E−01 14.65 NUE256 10063.4 7.393 2.9E−02 111.70 Control 3.527 NUE256 10064.1 7.214 2.6E−02 106.59 NUE515 9712.5 4.43 1.0E−01 15.9 NUE256 10061.2 6.139 2.2E−03 75.81 NUE515 9712.6 4.05 5.0E−01 5.8 NUE256 10062.4 6.337 7.9E−02 81.46 NUE515 9713.6 5.34 1.0E−04 39.7 NUE256 10063.2 6.594 1.7E−02 88.81 Control 3.82 Control 3.492 NUE520 9771.4 4.327 6.9E−02 16.16 NUE256 10061.3 4.798 3.9E−02 22.09 NUE520 9771.7 4.332 1.7E−01 16.28 NUE256 10061.2 5.141 1.9E−02 30.82 NUE520 9771.2 4.303 1.2E−01 15.52 NUE256 10061.4 5.617 9.8E−02 42.92 NUE520 9771.3 4.345 1.6E−01 16.66 NUE256 10063.2 5.303 1.5E−02 34.95 Control 3.725 Control 3.930 NUE520 9771.4 4.377 1.4E−01 19.54 NUE268 8996.5 7.789 1.6E−02 40.04 NUE520 9771.2 4.684 3.1E−02 27.93 Control 5.562 NUE520 9771.3 3.878 5.2E−01 5.90 NUE512 9284.3 4.930 1.1E−01 21.84 Control 3.662 NUE512 9282.3 5.873 1.4E−01 45.13 NUE523 9412.5 4.031 3.9E−01 14.28 NUE512 9284.4 7.912 1.6E−03 95.53 NUE523 9414.2 5.032 1.5E−03 42.68 Control 4.047 NUE523 9413.4 3.766 2.8E−01 6.78 NUE513 9681.6 6.591 3.6E−02 26.79 Control 3.527 Control 5.198 NUE523 9412.5 5.066 6.2E−01 7.98 NUE514 9404.5 6.570 9.0E−02 24.84 NUE523 9414.2 5.879 2.1E−04 25.30 Control 5.262 Control 4.692 NUE514 9403.2 5.579 1.2E−02 64.94 NUE525 9531.2 5.029 1.0E−03 25.34 NUE514 9402.5 4.299 3.2E−01 27.09 NUE525 9534.1 5.116 4.0E−02 27.51 Control 3.383 NUE525 9533.1 4.471 2.8E−01 11.43 NUE515 9712.5 4.93 26.3 1.9E−01 NUE525 9531.1 5.184 1.9E−01 29.21 NUE515 9712.6 4.09 4.7 8.1E−01 Control 4.012 NUE515 9713.6 7.39 89.4 1.9E−05 NUE531 10081.5 5.029 9.2E−02 35.00 Control 3.90 Control 3.725 NUE519 9371.2 7.868 4.7E−01 51.36 NUE531 10083.3 4.502 2.7E−03 23.69 NUE519 9371.1 7.813 1.7E−01 50.30 NUE531 10081.4 3.894 1.4E−01 6.98 Control 5.198 NUE531 10083.2 4.655 3.2E−02 9 NUE520 1.4 4.820 3.0E−01 12.51 NUE531 10081.5 5.026 2.1E−02 8 NUE520 1.7 5.879 1.4E−02 37.23 Control 3.640 NUE520 9771.2 6.392 3.3E−02 49.20 NUE536 9233.3 5.416 1.2E−02 24.00 NUE520 9771.3 7.265 1.4E−02 69.57 Control 4.368 Control 4.284 NUE539 10101.5 4.107 4.7E−01 12.17 NUE520 9771.4 6.158 1.8E−02 76.34 NUE539 10103.5 4.561 5.0E−02 24.57 NUE520 9771.2 6.839 1.7E−02 95.84 NUE539 10101.7 4.953 2.0E−02 35.27 NUE520 9771.3 5.440 5.3E−03 55.77 Control 3.662 NUE520 9773.1 4.655 9.8E−02 33.29 NUE539 10101.7 4.344 8.5E−02 19.36 Control 3.492 Control 3.640 NUE521 9362.2 4.458 3.1E−01 31.79 NUE543 10051.1 4.030 3.5E−01 8.20 NUE521 9363.4 5.071 5.6E−02 49.90 NUE543 10052.3 4.347 8.1E−02 16.70 Control 3.383 NUE543 10053.1 4.034 4.0E−01 8.29 NUE523 9412.5 4.834 3.0E−01 42.92 Control 3.725 NUE523 9414.2 5.371 1.7E−04 58.79 NUE563 9452.3 5.668 7.3E−02 41.27 Control 3.383 NUE563 9451.2 4.348 2.6E−01 8.38 NUE523 9413.3 6.532 5.1E−01 20.78 NUE563 9452.1 4.415 3.9E−01 104-.0 NUE523 9414.2 8.479 4.6E−02 56.78 Control 4.012 Control 5.408 NUE566 9513.1 4.306 4.5E−01 7.32 NUE525 9531.2 6.497 1.7E−04 48.62 NUE566 9512.2 4.118 6.3E−01 2.63 NUE525 9534.1 6.805 6.9E−02 55.67 NUE566 9512.4 4.411 3.9E−01 9.95 NUE525 9531.3 4.928 6.1E−01 12.73 NUE566 9512.1 5.392 9.6E−02 34.39 NUE525 9533.1 7.002 3.6E−02 60.17 NUE566 9514.1 5.583 1.8E−05 39.15 NUE525 9531.1 8.063 1.5E−01 84.46 Control 4.012 Control 4.371 NUE574 10363.4 4.132 3.5E−01 13.52 NUE531 10083.3 4.905 2.4E−02 24.81 NUE574 10366.2 4.697 7.2E−02 29.04 NUE531 10081.4 6.308 1.3E−02 60.52 NUE574 10366.1 4.264 6.0E−03 17.15 NUE531 10083.2 5.480 8.6E−02 39.45 Control 3.640 NUE531 10081.5 7.516 4.3E−02 91.25 NUE581 9724.9 4.35 1.5E−01 13.8 Control 3.930 Control 3.82 NUE536 9233.3 7.107 3.3E−02 42.30 NUE583 9673.4 5.145 8.6E−02 41.35 Control 4.994 NUE583 9673.2 4.621 1.6E−02 26.95 NUE537 9393.3 7.508 5.7E−02 85.53 NUE583 9671.2 4.181 1.0E−01 14.88 Control 4.047 NUE583 9671.1 3.903 3.2E−01 7.24 NUE539 10101.5 5.026 1.1E−01 43.93 Control 3.640 NUE539 10103.5 5.622 7.6E−03 60.99 NUE586 9751.1 4.510 4.7E−01 7.36 NUE539 10101.7 6.622 4.1E−03 89.62 NUE586 9751.7 5.845 3.0E−03 39.13 Control 3.492 NUE586 9751.3 5.259 7.3E−02 25.20 NUE543 10051.1 5.204 9.1E−02 21.47 NUE586 9752.2 4.903 1.1E−01 16.71 NUE543 10052.3 4.978 2.0E−01 16.20 NUE586 9752.1 6.626 1.3E−05 57.73 NUE543 10051.2 5.086 3.6E−01 18.73 Control 4.201 Control 4.284 NUE586 9751.1 5.290 3.0E−01 13.71 NUE544 9764.2 8.303 9.5E−02 46.92 NUE586 9751.6 6.090 1.6E−03 30.92 NUE544 9763.3 6.821 1.1E−01 20.71 NUE586 9751.3 5.181 3.1E−01 11.38 Control 5.651 NUE586 9752.4 5.952 2.9E−03 27.96 NUE548 9095.2 7.731 2.2E−01 46.90 NUE586 9752.1 6.660 2.1E−04 43.17 NUE548 9095.4 7.888 1.3E−01 49.89 Control 4.652 NUE548 9091.1 6.011 2.7E−01 14.23 NUE593 10391.2 4.849 8.9E−03 30.18 Control 5.262 NUE593 10394.1 4.390 2.4E−01 5 NUE554 5.2 7.603 3.2E−02 36.68 NUE593 10394.2 4.698 3.3E−02 26.13 Control 5.562 Control 3.725 NUE563 9452.3 9.266 1.7E−01 111.97 NUE592 9741.7 4.08 4.8E−01 6.8 NUE563 9451.2 6.068 1.3E−01 38.82 NUE592 9747.4 4.00 6.2E−01 4.8 NUE563 9452.1 5.145 1.2E−01 17.70 NUE592 9747.5 4.70 1.8E−02 23.0 Control 4.371 Control 3.82 NUE566 9513.1 5.537 2.0E−01 26.67 NUE566 9512.2 5.086 1.3E−01 16.36 NUE566 9512.1 7.608 1.0E−01 74.05 NUE566 9514.1 7.752 2.2E−03 77.33 Control 4.371 NUE569 9381.2 5.147 2.8E−02 21.78 Control 4.226 NUE570 9311.4 4.965 5.6E−01 22.69 NUE570 9314.4 5.327 8.0E−02 31.63 NUE570 9314.1 5.093 3.3E−01 25.85 Control 4.047 NUE574 10364.2 4.318 1.9E−01 9.88 NUE574 10366.2 7.430 5.1E−02 89.06 NUE574 10366.1 5.260 5.6E−02 33.83 Control 3.930 NUE581 9723.6 4.16 7.4E 6.5 NUE581 9724.9 4.93 1.9E 26.3 Control 3.90 NUE583 9673.4 8.986 1.7E−02 128.64 NUE583 9673.2 6.359 5.0E−02 61.80 NUE583 9671.2 4.956 1.0E−01 26.11 Control 3.930 NUE586 9751.1 5'324 5.1E−01 14.00 NUE586 9751.7 8.938 2.6E−02 91.38 NUE586 9751.3 6.250 8.3E−02 33.83 NUE586 9752.2 5.566 3.7E−01 19.18 NUE586 9752.1 10.320 9.6E−04 120.99 Control 4.670 NUE586 9751.1 7.261 2.8E−01 28.49 NUE586 9751.6 7.902 4.2E−02 39.83 NUE586 9751.7 6.250 6.0E−01 10.60 NUE586 9751.3 7.274 9.2E−02 28.71 NUE586 9752.4 8.572 6.8E−03 51.70 NUE586 9752.1 9.922 5.6E−02 75.58 Control 5.651 NUE587 9643.2 7'007 7.6E−02 50.03 Control 4.670 NUE592 9741.7 4.20 7.0E 7.7 NUE592 9747.5 5.31 7.3E 36.0 Control 3.90 NUE593 10391.2 5.167 2.6E−01 20.60 NUE593 10394.2 6.009 9.4E−02 40.25 Control 4.284 Table 26: Analyses of root performance (root length and coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Ave.” = Average; “Incr.” = increment.

The genes presented in Tables 27 and 28, hereinbelow, have improved plant growth rate when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. Plants showing fast growth rate confirm a better plant establishment in soil under nitrogen deficient conditions. Faster growth was observed when growth rate of leaf area as well as root length and coverage was measured.

Table 27 and 28 depict analyses of plant growth rate of the leaf area, root coverage and root length when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the second experiment confirmed the significant increment in growth rate. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 27 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant growth rate (relative growth rate of leaf area and root coverage) under nitrogen deficient conditions RGR Of Leaf Area RGR Of Roots Coverage Gene % Gene % Name Event # Average p-value Incr. Name Event # Average p-value Incr. CT11 4892.3 0.043 3.1E−01 14.75 CT11 4894.3 1.07 2.6E−01 18.78 CT11 4893.2 0.054 7.0E−02 43.87 CT11 4892.2 1.02 4.7E−01 12.68 Control 0.038 CT11 4892.1 1.17 4.9E−02 29.43 CT11 4894.3 0.071 3.2E−02 37.85 Control 0.90 CT11 4892.3 0.077 6.5E−03 47.95 CT22 5023.1 0.49 6.6E−02 51.49 CT11 4892.2 0.066 8.1E−02 27.89 Control 0.32 Control 0.052 CT27 5033.7 0.51 5.1E−01 59.31 CT27 5031.4 0.059 2.1E−03 56.19 CT27 5031.4 0.66 4.4E−01 106.25 CT27 5035.2 0.050 3.7E−02 31.33 CT27 5035.2 0.48 3.3E−01 50.35 Control 0.038 CT27 5033.6 0.46 1.9E−01 41.98 CT27 5035.2 0.052 1.4E−02 47.58 CT27 5033.4 0.81 5.0E−02 152.27 Control 0.035 CT27 5033.8 0.36 4.5E−02 12.91 CT27 5033.4 0.047 1.9E−01 28.65 Control 0.32 CT27 5033.8 0.062 1.7E−04 66.84 CT6 4943.1 0.93 4.7E−02 60.75 Control 0.037 CT6 4941.4 0.88 3.3E−02 52.53 CT6 4943.1 0.058 1.9E−02 54.43 Control 0.58 CT6 4941.4 0.058 1.2E−02 52.74 CT75 4873.3 0.75 1.1E−01 30.24 Control 0.038 Control 0.58 CT76 5044.6 0.059 3.8E−01 13.49 CT76 5041.5 1.29 5.2E−02 43.20 CT76 5041.5 0.075 2.9E−02 44.40 CT76 5043.5 1.24 5.2E−02 37.15 CT76 5043.5 0.082 2.8E−04 58.85 CT76 5041.6 1.01 4.7E−01 11.99 CT76 5041.9 0.084 4.2E−03 62.25 Control 0.90 CT76 5041.6 0.086 5.5E−04 65.56 CT76 5044.6 0.59 3.6E−02 49.62 Control 0.052 CT76 5043.5 0.67 1.9E−02 71.45 CT76 5044.6 0.044 2.9E−01 18.54 CT76 5041.6 0.46 4.1E−01 17.98 CT76 5041.5 0.050 5.8E−02 36.83 CT76 5041.9 0.64 8.3E−03 64.17 CT76 5043.5 0.075 1.6E−07 103.60 Control 0.39 CT76 5041.6 0.053 9.2E−03 43.71 NUE206 6731.2 0.88 6.1E−03 107.33 CT76 5041.9 0.055 7.7E−03 48.95 NUE206 6732.7 0.54 2.5E−01 28.14 Control 0.037 Control 0.42 CT81 4992.1 0.074 1.9E−03 43.33 NUE206 6731.2 0.73 3.0E−04 103.93 CT81 4993.5 0.061 2.8E−01 17.47 NUE206 6732.9 0.46 1.5E−01 29.09 CT81 4992.2 0.072 2.3E−02 38.79 NUE206 6732.5 0.51 1.5E−01 42.93 Control 0.052 Control 0.36 NUE206 6731.2 0.035 2.0E−02 39.25 NUE208 8354.8 0.58 3.9E−01 18.43 NUE206 6732.7 0.032 6. 4E−02 28.96 NUE208 8351.3 0.71 3.7E−02 44.72 Control 0.025 Control 0.49 NUE208 8351.3 0.046 1.0E−02 54.30 NUE208 8355.3 0.72 9.1E−03 100.13 NUE208 8355.3 0.038 9.5E−02 28.29 Control 0.36 Control 0.030 NUE209 8192.13 0.63 1.3E−01 28.43 NUE208 8355.3 0.073 2.0E−02 55.84 NUE209 8192.14 0.65 1.1E−01 32.34 Control 0.047 Control 0.49 NUE209 8192.13 0.043 3.2E−02 44.12 NUE209 8192.14 0.65 4.0E−03 79.86 NUE209 8192.14 0.047 6.9E−03 60.54 Control 0.36 Control 0.030 NUE212 8332.2 0.64 2.2E−02 70.92 NUE209 8192.13 0.047 2.2E−02 38.99 NUE212 8334.1 0.61 1.5E−01 63.17 NUE209 8191.5 0.055 4.8E−04 64.77 Control 0.37 NUE209 8192.14 0.041 1.2E−01 22.52 NUE212 8335.2 0.75 1.1E−02 52.25 Control 0.033 NUE212 8331.4 0.76 2.4E−02 54.17 NUE209 8192.14 0.071 2.5E−03 52.94 Control 0.49 NUE209 8191.3 0.057 2.2E−01 22.44 NUE212 8332.2 1.08 2.7E−02 58.34 Control 0.047 NUE212 8331.4 0.87 1.6E−01 27.37 NUE212 8335.2 0.041 1.9E−02 40.11 Control 0.68 NUE212 8331.4 0.046 8.8E−03 54.77 NUE223 9611.5 1.06 8.9E−04 67.16 Control 0.030 NUE223 9612.3 0.77 2.3E−01 21.00 NUE212 8332.1 0.062 4.8E−03 50.03 Control 0.63 Control 0.041 NUE228 10092.2 0.70 2.0E−02 41.76 NUE224 9001.3 0.064 5.9E−04 41.00 NUE228 10093.3 0.61 1.5E−01 23.30 Control 0.045 NUE228 10093.1 0.66 5.5E−02 33.53 NUE230 9154.2 0.054 8.1E−02 19.70 Control 0.49 NUE230 9151.2 0.052 1.5E−01 14.88 NUE233 10174.3 0.52 2.2E−01 27.38 Control 0.045 NUE233 10174.1 0.86 1.1E−05 111.13 NUE230 9153.3 0.046 3.5E−02 23.46 NUE233 10173.7 0.59 4.2E−02 45.30 Control 0.038 Control 0.41 NUE233 10174.3 0.047 2.8E−03 52.81 NUE233 10174.1 0.56 8.1E−02 22.89 NUE233 10174.1 0.075 5.3E−09 141.80 NUE233 10173.7 0.72 2.7E−03 57.48 NUE233 10173.7 0.040 4.3E−02 28.55 Control 0.46 Control 0.031 NUE234 9162.1 0.51 5.1E−02 39.40 NUE237 9651.1 0.051 4.5E−01 12.77 Control 0.37 NUE237 9654.4 0.059 2.5E−02 31.14 NUE235 9693.4 0.68 2.5E−03 44.45 NUE237 9654.1 0.056 2.6E−02 24.39 NUE235 9691.1 0.56 2.0E−01 18.18 Control 0.045 NUE235 9694.4 0.55 2.3E−01 15.87 NUE239 9191.1 0.063 1.3E−02 58.77 NUE235 9694.3 0.76 1.1E−03 60.48 Control 0.040 Control 0.47 NUE239 9192.3 0.061 5.3E−02 25.48 NUE237 9654.4 0.93 7.8E−02 39.79 Control 0.048 NUE237 9654.1 0.84 2.4E−01 26.90 NUE240 9172.2 0.067 1.5E−03 68.99 Control 0.66 NUE240 9174.3 0.052 1.4E−01 29.40 NUE239 9191.1 0.75 6.5E−02 36.48 Control 0.040 Control 0.55 NUE240 9172.1 0.068 4.1E−03 41.05 NUE239 9192.3 1.08 7.2E−05 71.00 Control 0.048 NUE239 9191.2 0.73 3.5E−01 14.79 NUE241 9633.4 0.053 4.5E−04 58.65 Control 0.63 NUE241 9632.2 0.042 7.6E−02 26.55 NUE240 9172.2 0.73 5.1E−02 33.21 NUE241 9632.4 0.045 6.8E−02 35.24 NUE240 9174.3 0.68 1.4E−01 23.94 Control 0.033 Control 0.55 NUE241 9632.3 0.056 2.2E−02 43.54 NUE240 9172.1 0.93 8.4E−03 46.95 Control 0.039 Control 0.63 NUE242 9212.1 0.053 4.2E−03 49.38 NUE241 9633.4 1.05 5.1E−09 121.17 NUE242 9213.4 0.041 2.2E−01 15.83 NUE241 9632.3 0.56 3.0E−01 17.76 Control 0.036 NUE241 9632.2 0.70 4.2E−03 47.48 NUE245 10641.7 0.064 3.3E−02 39.30 NUE241 9632.4 0.68 2.6E−02 42.78 Control 0.046 Control 0.47 NUE246 9033.8 0.047 5.0E−01 13.54 NUE241 9632.3 0.73 8.7E−02 37.63 NUE246 9033.4 0.053 1.8E−01 27.65 NUE241 9632.4 0.68 1.8E−01 28.48 NUE246 9034.1 0.067 1.3E−02 63.07 Control 0.53 Control 0.041 NUE242 9214.1 0.82 5.3E−01 34.65 NUE248 8981.5 0.059 1.8E−02 42.38 NUE242 9213.4 0.98 4.4E−04 61.42 Control 0.041 Control 0.61 NUE250 9132.1 0.051 2.9E−01 13.50 NUE242 9212.1 0.69 2.3E−03 76.75 NUE250 9132.2 0.051 4.2E−01 12.43 NUE242 9213.4 0.55 4.3E−02 40.32 NUE250 9134.1 0.055 5.3E−02 21.91 Control 0.39 Control 0.045 NUE245 10641.7 0.67 5.7E−03 46.73 NUE251 10181.3 0.052 3.2E−05 67.47 NUE245 10641.8 0.57 4.6E−02 24.96 NUE251 10183.2 0.044 1.1E−02 41.23 NUE245 10643.4 0.50 4.1E−01 10.90 NUE251 10183.1 0.043 1.1E−02 38.27 Control 0.46 Control 0.031 NUE246 9033.8 0.72 2.4E−01 22.81 NUE251 10183.2 0.084 2.2E−05 83.75 NUE246 9033.4 0.69 3.8E−01 17.06 NUE251 10182.1 0.057 8.1E−02 23.66 NUE246 9034.1 0.78 1.5E−01 32.69 NUE251 10181.1 0.048 7.3E−01 4.28 NUE246 9031.1 0.90 1.2E−02 52.58 Control 0.046 Control 0.59 NUE256 10063.4 0.045 4.9E−01 10.33 NUE248 8981.5 0.70 7.3E−02 30.02 NUE256 10064.1 0.057 1.5E−02 37.35 Control 0.53 Control 0.041 NUE250 9134.1 0.68 3.3E−01 12.73 NUE256 10063.4 0.061 8.1E−04 96.42 NUE250 9132.2 0.89 3.6E−02 46.62 NUE256 10064.1 0.063 1.3E−05 104.87 Control 0.61 NUE256 10061.2 0.065 1.0E−07 110.14 NUE251 10183.2 0.81 8.3E−05 77.68 NUE256 10062.4 0.062 2.3E−05 99.98 NUE251 10181.1 0.56 1.8E−01 24.08 NUE256 10063.2 0.054 1.7E−04 74.87 Control 0.46 Control 0.031 NUE254 8972.4 0.74 6.0E−02 38.45 NUE256 10061.2 0.071 6.0E−04 55.03 Control 0.53 NUE256 10061.4 0.068 4.1E−03 47.93 NUE256 10063.4 0.88 2.3E−04 115.25 NUE256 10063.2 0.051 3.9E−01 11.43 NUE256 10064.1 0. 89 1.6E−04 117.15 Control 0.046 NUE256 10061.2 0.74 5.9E−04 81.36 NUE511 9271.2 0.056 2.6E−02 50.68 NUE256 10062.4 0.77 4.0E−03 87.01 Control 0.040 NUE256 10063.2 0.78 7.9E−04 90.93 NUE512 9282.3 0.072 3.6E−04 68.22 Control 0.41 NUE512 9284.4 0.059 8.0E−03 38.67 NUE256 10061.3 0.55 7.7E−02 20.48 Control 0.043 NUE256 10061.2 0.61 1.1E−02 34.76 NUE514 9404.1 0.047 3.4E−02 30.81 NUE256 10061.4 0.67 6.4E−03 46.55 NUE514 9402.2 0.041 3.3E−01 14.01 NUE256 10063.2 0.63 6.6E−03 39.24 NUE514 9403.2 0.042 1.7E−01 17.39 Control 0.46 Control 0.036 NUE268 8996.5 0.95 7.5E−03 46.67 NUE516 9291.1 0.051 3.6E−01 12.83 Control 0.65 NUE516 9291.4 0.058 5.2E−02 28.67 NUE512 9284.3 0.59 1.2E−01 24.74 Control 0.045 NUE512 9282.3 0.72 1.5E−02 51.97 NUE519 9371.2 0.065 7.6E−02 34.99 NUE512 9284.4 0.94 7.5E−06 98.41 NUE519 9371.1 0.059 1.7E−01 22.69 Control 0.47 Control 0.048 NUE513 9681.6 0.77 1.4E−01 21.72 NUE521 9362.2 0.050 7.7E−03 41.00 Control 0.63 NUE521 9361.2 0.041 3.1E−01 15.27 NUE514 9404.1 0.72 2.6E−01 17.95 NUE521 9363.4 0.056 1.4E−04 56.51 NUE514 9404.5 0.79 2.9E−02 30.17 Control 0.036 Control 0.61 NUE521 9362.2 0.057 3.4E−01 16.01 NUE514 9403.2 0.67 3.9E−05 71.81 NUE521 9363.4 0.065 6.3E−02 31.54 NUE514 9402.5 0.52 5.8E−02 34.24 Control 0.049 Control 0.39 NUE523 9412.5 0.048 4.9E−02 33.67 NUE519 9371.2 0.97 5.6E−02 52.96 NUE523 9414.2 0.043 9.2E−02 20.21 NUE519 9371.1 0.96 2.5E−02 51.45 Control 0.036 Control 0.63 NUE523 9412.5 0.058 7.6E−02 41.83 NUE520 9771.4 0.59 2.1E−01 20.79 NUE523 9414.2 0.049 2.2E−01 19.88 NUE520 9771.7 0.72 9.4E−03 47.07 NUE523 9412.1 0.062 5.2E−03 49.67 NUE520 9771.2 0.78 4.4E−03 59.79 Control 0.041 NUE520 9771.3 0.89 5.5E−04 81.39 NUE525 9531.2 0.043 8.9E−02 27.96 Control 0.49 NUE525 9534.1 0.042 1.4E−01 27.19 NUE520 9771.4 0.76 1.5E−03 85.18 NUE525 9531.3 0.046 3.9E−02 36.82 NUE520 9771.2 0.83 3.7E−04 102.18 NUE525 9533.1 0.048 1.6E−02 42.76 NUE520 9771.3 0.66 5.4E−03 60.90 NUE525 9531.1 0.045 3.5E−02 36.14 NUE520 9773.1 0.57 1.1E−01 39.32 Control 0.033 Control 0.41 NUE531 10083.1 0.070 5.6E−02 24.91 NUE521 9362.2 0.55 5.4E−02 39.89 NUE531 10082.2 0.067 1.1E−01 20.04 NUE521 9361.3 0.46 2.1E−01 18.65 NUE531 10081.4 0.070 1.2E−01 24.78 NUE521 9363.4 0.63 1.4E−03 61.36 NUE531 10081.5 0.073 8.2E−02 30.25 Control 0.39 Control 0.056 NUE523 9412.5 0.58 5.0E−02 49.67 NUE531 10081.4 0.051 4.0E−01 11.96 NUE523 9414.2 0.63 9.9E−06 61.62 NUE531 10081.5 0.090 1.3E−05 95.63 Control 0.39 Control 0.046 NUE523 9413.3 0.80 2.6E−01 24.87 NUE532 9222.4 0.050 1.6E−01 40.00 NUE523 9414.2 1.03 3.8E−03 60.15 Control 0.036 Control 0.64 NUE535 9082.2 0.040 1.7E−01 29.19 NUE523 9412.5 1.03 5.0E−02 44.09 NUE535 9084.2 0.037 2.0E−01 17.89 NUE523 9414.2 1.05 7.8E−03 47.15 NUE535 9081.1 0.045 4.7E−02 45.68 Control 0.71 NUE535 9083.1 0.059 9.9E−06 91.43 NUE525 9531.2 0.71 1.1E−03 50.16 NUE535 9084.4 0.046 6.1E−03 49.99 NUE525 9534.1 0.76 3.0E−03 59.45 Control 0.031 NUE525 9531.3 0.55 3.9E−01 15.44 NUE537 9391.2 0.067 8.9E−04 57.56 NUE525 9533.1 0.75 1.1E−03 57.42 NUE537 9393.3 0.078 3.4E−06 83.37 NUE525 9531.1 0.88 9.0E−04 85.07 Control 0.043 Control 0.47 NUE539 10103.5 0.060 7.5E−02 45 .45 NUE527 9201.2 0.91 6.0E−02 39.82 Control 0.041 Control 0.65 NUE539 10101.5 0.052 6.3E−04 68.95 NUE528 9073.1 0.91 8.8E−02 33.70 NUE539 10103.5 0.052 2.7E−05 67.92 Control 0.68 NUE539 10101.2 0.058 4.6E−06 85.91 NUE531 10081.4 0.65 1.2E−01 33.32 NUE539 10101.7 0.067 1.3E−06 115.49 NUE531 10081.5 0.95 6.1E−03 93.18 Control 0.031 Control 0.49 NUE542 9333.2 0.058 1.7E−02 27.22 NUE531 10083.3 0. 56 5.7E−02 22.09 Control 0.045 NUE531 10081.4 0.76 2.5E−04 67.03 NUE543 10051.2 0.043 4.9E−01 11.08 NUE531 10083.2 0.65 7.4E−03 42.46 NUE543 10051.6 0.052 2.6E−02 32.97 NUE531 10081.5 0.88 5.5E−05 94.20 Control 0.039 Control 0.46 NUE548 9095.2 0.058 1.9E−02 45.78 NUE535 9084.2 0.87 1.1E−01 34.81 NUE548 9092.2 0.054 1.1E−01 34.83 Control 0.65 Control 0.040 NUE536 9233.3 0.85 2.7E−02 45.06 NUE548 9095.2 0.067 2.0E−01 16.93 Control 0.59 NUE548 9095.4 0.082 6.7E−03 43.33 NUE537 9393.2 0.50 9.3E−02 28.21 NUE548 9091.1 0.070 7.8E−02 21.75 NUE537 9393.3 0.49 8.0E−02 25.71 Control 0.057 Control 0.39 NUE554 9115.2 0.067 8.8E−02 26.21 NUE537 9393.3 0.92 5.4E−04 95.13 Control 0.053 Control 0.47 NUE560 9424.3 0.069 4.8E−02 39.85 NUE539 10101.5 0.62 3.4E−02 50.84 Control 0.049 NUE539 10103.5 0.66 6.2E−03 61.79 NUE564 9242.2 0.066 8.5E−03 54.86 NUE539 10101.7 0.80 2.0E−04 96.01 Control 0.043 Control 0.41 NUE566 9512.1 0.052 2.2E−02 56.47 NUE544 9764.2 1.00 2.7E−02 46.55 Control 0.033 NUE544 9763.3 0.80 2.7E−01 17.81 NUE567 9263.3 0.053 1.8E−01 25.10 Control 0.68 Control 0.043 NUE545 9482.4 0.61 7.1E−02 28.80 NUE568 9471.3 0.051 2.9E−01 14.08 Control 0.47 NUE568 9472.2 0.062 5.2E−03 40.02 NUE548 9095.2 0.72 1.2E−01 30.12 Control 0.045 Control 0.55 NUE570 9314.1 0.064 6.7E−02 32.94 NUE548 9095.2 0.96 1.5E−02 57.39 Control 0.048 NUE548 9095.4 0.97 4.3E−03 59.52 NUE573 9491.4 0.058 6.1E−02 30.87 NUE548 9091.1 0.74 1.1E−01 22.28 NUE573 9494.3 0.055 1.4E−01 23.73 Control 0.61 Control 0.045 NUE550 9141.3 0.83 1.4E−01 28.42 NUE574 10364.2 0.062 1.0E−02 34.44 Control 0.65 NUE574 10362.2 0.048 6.7E−01 5.59 NUE554 9115.2 0.93 1.7E−02 43.12 NUE574 10366.2 0.079 6.5E−05 72.54 Control 0.65 Control 0.046 NUE563 9452.3 1.02 3.8E−03 114.90 NUE576 9791.3 0.046 2.5E−01 17.12 NUE563 9451.2 0.65 3.0E−02 36.75 NUE576 9792.4 0.050 9.0E−02 27.76 Control 0.47 NUE576 9794.1 0.048 9.8E−02 24.04 NUE564 9242.3 0.58 2.0E−01 21.75 NUE576 9793.3 0.048 1.4E−01 22.67 NUE564 9242.2 0.71 3.1E−02 49.74 Control 0.039 NUE564 9243.4 0.65 9.3E−02 37.10 NUE582 9562.4 0.056 4.1E−02 24.61 Control 0.47 Control 0.045 NUE566 9513.1 0.58 1.3E−01 23.35 NUE583 9673.1 0.056 3.2E−02 43.43 NUE566 9512.2 0.56 1.7E−01 17.73 Control 0.039 NUE566 9512.1 0.79 5.1E−03 67.15 NUE583 9673.4 0.092 3.5E−05 100.45 NUE566 9514.1 0.86 2.8E−05 80.42 NUE583 9673.2 0.063 2.5E−02 38.28 Control 0.47 Control 0.046 NUE567 9263.3 0.66 7.7E−02 39.99 NUE586 9751.6 0.047 4.2E−01 12.92 Control 0.47 NUE586 9751.7 0.049 3.1E−01 19.09 NUE567 9263.3 0.97 5.0E−02 42.53 NUE586 9752.4 0.057 2.6E−02 36.93 Control 0.68 NUE586 9752.1 0.058 1.0E−01 39.90 NUE569 9381.2 0.60 8.8E−02 20.49 Control 0.041 NUE569 9381.5 0.59 2.1E−01 19.31 Control 0.50 NUE570 9311.4 0.60 2.9E−01 27.17 NUE570 9314.4 0.64 4.5E−02 35.92 NUE570 9314.1 0.61 1.6E−01 29.32 Control 0.47 NUE570 9314.4 0.63 2.6E−01 26.50 NUE570 9314.1 0.81 1.1E−02 64.12 Control 0.50 NUE571 9304.2 0.84 1.4E−01 30.16 Control 0.64 NUE574 10364.2 0.51 2.5E−01 12.29 NUE574 10366.2 0.91 7.6E−05 99.71 NUE574 10366.1 0.63 6.2E−03 38.15 Control 0.46 NUE583 9673.4 1.08 7.4E−07 136.31 NUE583 9673.2 0.76 3.4E−04 67.32 NUE583 9671.2 0.58 3.4E−02 27.94 Control 0.46 NUE586 9751.7 1.08 4.4E−04 90.56 NUE586 9751.3 0.73 1.3E−01 28.69 NUE586 9752.1 1.23 1.1E−06 117.25 Control 0.57 NUE586 9751.1 0.86 1.9E−01 26.09 NUE586 9751.6 0.93 5.1E−02 35.91 NUE586 9751.3 0.89 9.6E−02 30.27 NUE586 9752.4 1.02 9.5E−03 49.17 NUE586 9752.1 1.16 6.5E−03 69.78 Control 0.68 NUE587 9643.2 0.85 2.3E−02 50.29 Control 0.57 NUE593 10394.2 0.72 1.5E−02 46.89 Control 0.49 Table 27: Analyses of plant growth rate (relative growth rate of leaf area and root coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate.

TABLE 28 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant growth rate (relative growth rate of root length) under nitrogen deficient conditions RGR Of Roots Length Gene Name Event # Average p-value % incr. CT1 4841.1 0.325 4.6E−01 14.92 CT1 4844.5 0.386 3.9E−02 36.53 CT1 4841.2 0.399 5.1E−02 41.25 Control 0.282 CT11 4892.1 0.612 9.8E−02 15.48 Control 0.530 CT22 5023.1 0.373 9.6E−02 32.01 Control 0.282 CT27 5033.4 0.394 5.2E−02 29.10 CT27 5033.8 0.350 2.6E−01 14.96 Control 0.305 CT6 4945.8 0.460 2.1E−01 17.91 CT6 4943.1 0.548 2.0E−02 40.56 Control 0.390 CT75 4873.4 0.473 1.5E−01 21.17 CT75 4873.3 0.532 1.3E−02 36.39 Control 0.390 CT76 5044.6 0.408 1.1E−02 33.88 CT76 5043.5 0.389 7.9E−02 27.59 CT76 5041.9 0.381 6.4E−02 25.11 Control 0.305 NUE206 6731.2 0.496 5.5E−03 49.81 NUE206 6732.7 0.395 1.8E−01 19.18 Control 0.331 NUE206 6731.2 0.501 1.2E−05 64.61 NUE206 6732.9 0.417 8.6E−03 37.13 Control 0.304 NUE208 8351.3 0.477 7.4E−02 22.59 Control 0.389 NUE208 8355.3 0.500 7.9E−04 64.40 Control 0.304 NUE209 8192.13 0.506 1.6E−02 30.23 NUE209 8192.14 0.475 9.5E−02 22.29 Control 0.389 NUE209 8191.2 0.421 5.1E−02 36.60 NUE209 8192.13 0.394 7.1E−02 27.85 NUE209 8191.5 0.410 3.0E−02 32.93 Control 0.308 NUE209 8192.14 0.452 5.1E−03 48.66 Control 0.304 NUE210 8202.2 0.462 9.4E−02 18.92 Control 0.389 NUE210 6755.3 0.421 3.2E−02 36.49 Control 0.308 NUE212 8332.2 0.455 1.7E−02 47.71 NUE212 8334.1 0.426 1.6E−01 38.40 Control 0.308 NUE212 8331.4 0.504 2.3E−02 29.68 Control 0.389 NUE212 8331.1 0.584 6.4E−02 24.96 NUE212 8332.2 0.597 8.7E−02 27.76 NUE212 8331.4 0.567 1.3E−01 21.20 Control 0.468 NUE223 9611.5 0.537 4.1E−03 35.20 NUE223 9612.3 0.466 2.5E−01 17.18 Control 0.397 NUE228 10092.2 0.426 5.6E−02 29.90 NUE228 10093.3 0.422 8.2E−02 28.77 NUE228 10093.1 0.408 1.1E−01 24.40 Control 0.328 NUE233 10174.3 0.391 3.9E−01 14.35 NUE233 10174.1 0.471 4.7E−02 37.60 NUE233 10173.5 0.461 5.6E−02 34.78 NUE233 10172.5 0.412 2.3E−01 20.55 NUE233 10173.7 0.407 2.8E−01 19.07 Control 0.342 NUE233 10174.1 0.404 1.2E−03 29.24 NUE233 10173.5 0.362 2.5E−01 15.71 NUE233 10172.5 0.362 6.0E−02 15.79 NUE233 10173.7 0.436 3.6E−03 39.35 Control 0.313 NUE234 9162.1 0.426 5.9E−02 25.45 Control 0.340 NUE235 9693.4 0.451 1.4E−02 25.62 NUE235 9694.3 0.517 4.3E−04 43.98 Control 0.359 NUE239 9191.1 0.435 3.5E−01 10.73 NUE239 9194.3 0.482 4.7E−02 22.75 Control 0.393 NUE239 9192.3 0.565 2.7E−04 42.18 NUE239 9192.1 0.447 2.6E−01 12.34 NUE239 9191.2 0.449 2.2E−01 13.06 Control 0.397 NUE240 9172.2 0.490 1.2E−02 24.73 Control 0.393 NUE240 9172.1 0.507 1.4E−02 27.47 Control 0.397 NUE241 9633.4 0.554 8.4E−07 54.27 NUE241 9632.3 0.407 2.8E−01 13.32 NUE241 9632.2 0.466 1.7E−03 29.87 NUE241 9632.4 0.432 1.5E−01 20.52 Control 0.359 NUE242 9212.1 0.429 2.2E−01 13.68 NUE242 9213.4 0.544 4.7E−05 44.09 Control 0.377 NUE242 9212.1 0.462 1.1E−03 54.42 NUE242 9211.2 0.403 7.9E−02 34.60 NUE242 9213.4 0.347 2.6E−01 16.09 Control 0.299 NUE245 10643.1 0.351 2.1E−01 12.20 NUE245 10641.7 0.414 3.8E−03 32.32 NUE245 10641.8 0.434 2.5E−04 38.90 NUE245 10643.4 0.377 2.2E−02 20.56 Control 0.313 NUE246 9033.4 0.504 1.2E−01 21.54 NUE246 9034.1 0.510 1.4E−01 22.94 NUE246 9031.1 0.524 5.4E−02 26.35 Control 0.414 NUE250 9134.1 0.433 1.4E−01 14.91 NUE250 9132.2 0.482 2.4E−02 27.68 Control 0.377 NUE251 10183.1 0.460 6.6E−02 34.46 Control 0.342 NUE251 10181.3 0.337 3.8E−01 7.88 NUE251 10183.2 0.485 1.4E−04 55.27 NUE251 10182.1 0.391 3.4E−02 25.13 NUE251 10183.1 0.323 6.8E−01 3.24 NUE251 10181.1 0.361 2.5E−01 15.54 Control 0.313 NUE252 9011.3 0.468 6.8E−03 24.03 NUE252 9012.2 0.438 1.2E−01 16.22 NUE252 9013.2 0.458 8.4E−02 21.40 Control 0.377 NUE254 8972.4 0.508 2.7E−03 27.22 Control 0.399 NUE256 10063.4 0.507 1.5E−02 48.06 NUE256 10064.1 0.525 4.0E−03 53.43 NUE256 10061.2 0.431 1.4E−01 26.08 NUE256 10063.2 0.518 6.8E−03 51.45 Control 0.342 NUE256 10061.3 0.383 6.3E−02 22.55 NUE256 10061.2 0.368 6.1E−02 17.75 NUE256 10061.4 0.432 3.7E−04 38.10 NUE256 10063.2 0.434 3.8E−05 38.83 Control 0.313 NUE512 9282.3 0.479 5.0E−02 22.43 NUE512 9284.4 0.525 3.4E−03 34.40 Control 0.391 NUE513 9681.4 0.489 1.7E−01 18.01 NUE513 9683.5 0.518 8.4E−02 24.96 Control 0.414 NUE513 9681.6 0.475 6.5E−02 19.62 Control 0.397 NUE513 9683.5 0.515 8.4E−02 16.54 Control 0.442 NUE514 9404.1 0.471 2.5E−02 24.98 NUE514 9402.2 0.445 9.9E−02 17.92 NUE514 9404.5 0.493 4.6E−03 30.81 NUE514 9403.2 0.443 4.8E−02 17.37 NUE514 9402.5 0.503 3.8E−03 33.24 Control 0.377 NUE514 9404.1 0.371 3.0E−02 23.82 NUE514 9403.2 0.471 4.9E−05 57.43 NUE514 9402.5 0.442 9.5E−04 47.79 Control 0.299 NUE519 9371.2 0.513 1.3E−01 29.00 NUE519 9371.1 0.555 1.8E−02 39.76 Control 0.397 NUE520 9771.4 0.486 2.5E−03 48.07 NUE520 9771.7 0.471 1.1E−02 43.62 NUE520 9771.2 0.463 9.8E−03 41.14 NUE520 9771.3 0.463 2.4E−02 41.09 Control 0.328 NUE520 9771.4 0.476 3.4E−02 39.14 NUE520 9771.2 0.478 3.0E−02 39.79 Control 0.342 NUE521 9362.2 0.414 1.2E−02 38.49 NUE521 9361.3 0.383 8.8E−03 27.99 NUE521 9363.4 0.456 1.0E−04 52.49 Control 0.299 NUE523 9412.5 0.410 2.6E−02 36.99 NUE523 9414.2 0.495 1.1E−06 65.32 NUE523 9412.1 0.364 7.6E−02 21.51 NUE523 9413.4 0.372 3.3E−02 24.28 Control 0.299 NUE523 9412.5 0.525 1.7E−01 18.63 NUE523 9414.2 0.552 6.9E−03 24.85 Control 0.442 NUE525 9531.2 0.465 3.5E−03 29.55 NUE525 9534.1 0.506 5.7E−04 40.93 NUE525 9531.1 0.494 4.1E−03 37.67 Control 0.359 NUE531 10082.2 0.413 1.1E−01 25.96 NUE531 10081.5 0.451 5.6E−02 37.34 Control 0.328 NUE531 10083.3 0.387 8.0E−03 23.90 NUE531 10082.2 0.359 2.2E−01 14.68 NUE531 10081.4 0.366 5.7E−02 17.00 NUE531 10083.2 0.445 5.0E−04 42.20 NUE531 10081.5 0.478 2.9E−05 52.87 Control 0.313 NUE536 9233.3 0.511 8.2E−02 23.25 Control 0.414 NUE537 9393.2 0.409 2.5E−03 36.75 NUE537 9393.3 0.415 1.8E−03 38.64 Control 0.299 NUE537 9393.3 0.496 1.4E−02 26.83 Control 0.391 NUE539 10101.5 0.454 9.5E−02 32.65 NUE539 10103.5 0.436 1.2E−01 27.43 NUE539 10101.7 0.527 4.4E−03 53.99 Control 0.342 NUE539 10101.7 0.420 2.4E−03 34.28 Control 0.313 NUE544 9764.2 0.581 9.7E−02 24.20 Control 0.468 NUE548 9095.2 0.495 3.1E−02 31.12 NUE548 9095.4 0.541 1.3E−03 43.44 NUE548 9091.1 0.436 8.2E−02 15.49 Control 0.377 NUE550 9141.3 0.469 9.2E−02 27.80 Control 0.367 NUE563 9452.3 0.513 4.5E−03 42.86 Control 0.359 NUE566 9512.1 0.448 7.9E−02 24.77 NUE566 9514.1 0.530 1.3E−05 47.65 Control 0.359 NUE570 9314.4 0.477 6.1E−02 22.12 NUE570 9314.1 0.436 3.3E−01 11.56 Control 0.391 NUE570 9314.1 0.522 5.4E−02 26.80 Control 0.411 NUE574 10363.4 0.384 9.0E−02 22.79 NUE574 10364.2 0.369 3.4E−02 18.18 NUE574 10362.2 0.372 4.0E−02 19.10 NUE574 10366.2 0.505 1.3E−05 61.62 NUE574 10366.1 0.403 1.8E−03 28.75 Control 0.313 NUE583 9673.1 0.337 3.3E−01 7.83 NUE583 9673.4 0.511 4.9E−04 63.57 NUE583 9673.2 0.445 1.3E−04 42.20 NUE583 9671.2 0.373 5.7E−02 19.44 NUE583 9671.1 0.356 1.3E−01 13.96 Control 0.313 NUE586 9751.1 0.466 3.8E−01 12.01 NUE586 9751.7 0.561 1.4E−02 34.87 NUE586 9752.1 0.616 6.6E−04 48.10 Control 0.416 NUE586 9751.6 0.578 9.9E−02 23.61 NUE586 9751.3 0.544 2.5E−01 16.32 NUE586 9752.4 0.585 6.0E−02 25.16 NUE586 9752.1 0.611 3.8E−02 30.58 Control 0.468 NUE593 10394.2 0.446 2.9E−02 35.91 Control 0.328 Table 28: Analyses of plant growth rate (relative growth rate of root length) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions [low nitrogen or nitrogen deficient conditions (0.75 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate.

The genes presented in Tables 29 and 30, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE since they produced larger plant biomass when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants, indicating the high ability of the plant to better metabolize the nitrogen present in the medium.

Tables 29 and 30 depict analyses of plant biomass (plant fresh and dry weight and leaf area) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 29 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (fresh and dry weight) under standard nitrogen conditions Gene Plant Fresh Weight [mg] Gene Plant Dry Weight [mg] Name Event # Average p-value % incr. Name Event # Average p-value % incr. CT1 4841.1 224.68 5.7E−03 44.54 CT11 4894.3 10.93 1.0E−01 57.88 CT1 4844.3 220.28 1.3E−01 41.71 CT11 4892.2 11.00 2.3E−02 58.84 Control 155.44 CT11 4892.3 9.35 1.6E−01 35.02 CT11 4892.2 327.13 1.2E−02 41.78 CT11 4893.2 7.20 7.0E−01 3.97 CT11 4892.3 321.38 4.4E−02 39.29 CT11 4892.1 12.40 1.0E−01 79.06 Control 230.73 Control 6.93 CT11 4893.2 293.83 1.8E−02 70.30 CT11 4894.2 6.70 5.8E−01 8.06 Control 172.54 CT11 4893.2 12.73 5.8E−03 105.24 CT22 5023.1 249.48 1.3E−02 60.50 Control 6.20 Control 155.44 CT27 5033.6 7.40 1.9E−01 79.39 CT27 5033.6 234.13 1.1E−01 148.18 CT27 5033.8 7.50 9.2E−02 81.82 CT27 5033.8 192.50 8.4E−03 104.05 CT27 5033.5 5.55 1.9E−01 34.55 CT27 5033.5 143.73 3.1E−01 52.35 Control 4.13 Control 94.34 CT27 5033.7 8.23 1.5E−01 32.66 CT27 5033.7 224.58 1.2E−01 30.16 CT27 5035.2 13.10 2.1E−04 111.29 CT27 5035.2 343.65 2.2E−02 99.17 CT27 5031.4 9.28 8.2E−03 49.60 CT27 5031.4 255.88 3.0E−03 48.30 CT27 5033.6 8.15 2.7E−01 31.45 Control 172.54 CT27 5033.4 7.95 4.7E−02 28.23 CT76 5041.7 292.55 5.6E−02 26.80 CT27 5033.8 8.90 2.5E−02 43.55 CT76 5043.5 415.05 1.4E−03 79.89 CT27 5033.5 7.63 2.1E−01 22.98 Control 230.73 Control 6.20 CT76 5044.6 239.08 2.1E−03 153.43 CT6 4943.1 7.83 3.2E−01 26.21 CT76 5041.5 209.10 1.6E−03 121.65 CT6 4945.9 7.63 1.8E−01 22.98 CT76 5043.5 272.60 2.7E−02 188.96 CT6 4941.4 9.28 2.9E−02 49.60 CT76 5041.6 124.75 3.9E−02 32.24 Control 6.20 CT76 5041.9 245.20 7.1E−02 159.92 CT75 4874.4 9.35 1.2E−02 50.81 Control 94.34 Control 6.20 CT81 4992.1 381.73 3.3E−04 65.45 CT76 5044.6 9.40 1.6E−01 35.74 CT81 4992.2 305.85 2.8E−01 32.56 CT76 5043.5 17.23 7.8E−06 148.74 Control 230.73 CT76 5041.6 10.03 9.7E−02 44.89 NUE209 8192.14 217.23 3.8E−02 86.30 Control 6.93 Control 116.60 CT76 5044.6 7.43 5.8E−02 80.00 NUE210 8202.1 279.53 1.1E−01 139.73 CT76 5041.5 9.70 1.0E−04 135.15 NUE210 8201.3 250.90 4.8E−02 115.18 CT76 5041.7 5.03 4.5E−01 21.82 Control 116.60 CT76 5043.5 10.88 1.3E−02 163.64 NUE211 8263.5 162.35 5.0E−02 31.43 CT76 5041.9 8.95 1.1E−02 116.97 Control 123.53 Control 4.13 NUE212 8332.1 253.75 1.0E−01 105.42 CT81 4992.1 11.20 4.1E−02 61.73 NUE212 8335.2 169.28 4.9E−02 37.03 CT81 4993.5 8.60 3.6E−01 24.19 Control 123.53 CT81 4992.2 8.63 3.4E−01 24.55 NUE212 8335.2 221.83 2.0E−02 90.24 CT81 4995.5 7.90 3.8E−01 14.08 NUE212 8331.4 163.88 2.7E−01 40.54 Control 6.93 Control 116.60 NUE206 6732.9 13.68 7.9E−03 43.38 NUE212 8332.1 116.43 1.8E−01 29.34 NUE206 6731.2 14.13 4.3E−01 48.19 NUE212 8334.1 128.33 8.1E−02 42.56 NUE206 6732.5 12.98 1.8E−02 36.04 NUE212 8331.4 143.63 3.0E−02 59.56 NUE206 6732.2 10.98 3.6E−01 15.07 Control 90.01 Control 9.54 NUE221 9802.8 149.35 3.9E−03 58.7 NUE208 8354.8 8.20 2.7E−02 78.75 NUE221 9806.1 209.18 1.7E−08 122.3 NUE208 8355.3 5.78 3.3E−01 25.89 Control 94.09 Control 4.59 NUE222 8851.3 240.70 6.1E−02 106.43 NUE208 8354.8 6.15 3.1E−02 14.42 NUE222 8852.4 138.15 3.1E−01 18.48 Control 5.38 Control 116.60 NUE208 8354.8 16.45 1.9E−03 72.48 NUE224 9002.4 279.08 6.1E−02 32.66 NUE208 8354.5 15.58 2.4E−03 63.30 Control 210.36 NUE208 8355.3 12.40 9.6E−02 30.01 NUE224 9002.4 159.13 2.6E−01 14.58 Control 9.54 NUE224 9002.2 268.95 3.8E−03 93.66 NUE209 8192.1 7.73 1.5E−01 68.39 NUE224 9001.3 181.65 3.2E−02 30.80 NUE209 8191.5 7.13 7.1E−02 55.31 Control 138.88 Control 4.59 NUE225 9732.8 117.00 2.2E−01 24.4 NUE209 8191.5 10.83 6.2E−01 162.42 Control 94.09 NUE209 8191.3 15.40 6.3E−03 NUE227 9853.1 197.68 9.4E−02 55.51 Control 9.54 Control 127.11 NUE210 8202.1 10.95 1.0E−02 138.69 NUE229 8862.2 75.00 1.2E−02 26.32 NUE210 8201.3 8.98 5.5E−02 95.64 NUE229 8862.5 74.03 1.3E−01 24.67 Control 4.59 NUE229 8864.2 84.93 3.9E−02 43.03 NUE210 8202.1 4.28 2.4E−02 41.91 Control 59.38 NUE210 8751.4 4.33 1.1E−01 43.57 NUE230 9154.2 171.38 4.4E−01 23.40 NUE210 6755.3 3.85 2.4E−01 27.80 NUE230 9151.2 203.78 3.1E−02 46.73 NUE210 8201.2 3.93 2.1E−01 30.29 Control 138.88 Control 3.01 NUE231 10633.3 199.70 1.6E−07 112.2 NUE211 8265.1 7.38 8.8E−02 60.76 Control 94.09 Control 4.59 NUE233 10174.3 139.08 9.0E−02 44.46 NUE212 8335.2 9.53 7.3E−02 107.63 NUE233 10174.1 190.05 5.5E−04 97.40 Control 4.59 NUE233 10173.7 143.98 3.5E−03 49.55 NUE212 8334.1 4.20 7.4E−02 39.42 Control 96.28 NUE212 8331.4 5.08 5.7E−02 68.46 NUE235 9694.2 171.15 1.0E−01 23.24 Control 3.01 NUE235 9691.1 172.20 7.8E−02 24.00 NUE221 9802.8. 7.50 2.5E−03 56.3 NUE235 9693.3 194.48 5.4E−02 40.04 NUE221 9806.1. 9.08 3.5E−06 89.1 Control 138.88 Control 4.80 NUE237 9651.1 293.05 3.8E−02 111.02 NUE222 8851.3 11.60 4.2E−02 152.86 NUE237 9652.3 167.10 1.1E−01 20.32 Control 4.59 NUE237 9654.4 195.80 1.4E−01 40.99 NUE224 9002.2 10.13 5.4E−02 83.67 Control 138.88 NUE224 9001.3 7.03 1.1E−01 27.44 NUE237 9651.1 191.70 1.8E−02 26.32 Control 5.51 Control 151.76 NUE227 9851.2 5.88 1.4E−01 24.34 NUE239 9192.1 245.53 3.6E−02 56.82 NUE227 9853.1 8.88 4.0E−02 87.83 Control 156.56 Control 4.73 NUE240 9172.1 212.68 7.3E−02 35.84 NUE228 10092 7.90 2.0E−01 45.29 NUE240 9174.3 255.50 2.6E−01 NUE228 10093 7.98 8.6E−02 46.67 Control 156.56 NUE228 10093 6.68 5.3E−03 22.76 NUE241 9631.3 166.03 6.6E−02 30.61 Control 5.44 NUE241 9632.5 185.58 1.4E−02 45.99 NUE229 8862.2 3.90 4.1E−02 30.54 NUE241 9632.4 219.43 8.4E−03 72.62 NUE229 8862.5 3.80 2.7E−01 27.20 Control 127.11 NUE229 8864.2 4.45 2.9E−02 48.95 NUE242 9212.1 140.78 3.9E−02 59.41 Control 2.99 NUE242 9214.1 129.18 1.5E−01 46.27 NUE230 9154.2 7.38 1.0E−01 33.79 NUE242 9213.2 101.43 3.7E−01 14.85 NUE230 9151.2 7.48 5.8E−02 35.60 NUE242 9213.4 146.30 3.0E−02 65.66 Control 5.51 Control 88.31 NUE231 10632.2 5.53 4.1E−01 15.1 NUE244 9061.1 164.20 8.9E−04 45.23 NUE231 10633.3 11.43 2.0E−11 138.0 NUE244 9061.5 143.40 4.8E−01 26.83 Control 4.80 Control 113.06 NUE233 10174 6.13 1.2E−02 58.58 NUE246 9033.6 273.05 8.9E−03 43.57 NUE233 10174 8.63 2.1E−04 123.30 NUE246 9033.4 241.48 4.8E−01 26.97 NUE233 10174 5.10 8.2E−02 32.04 NUE246 9034.1 224.08 2.5E−01 17.82 Control 3.86 NUE246 9031.1 232.65 3.3E−01 22.33 NUE234 9163.5 4.28 8.7E−02 43.10 Control 190.19 NUE234 9162.1 4.60 1.3E−01 53.97 NUE246 9034.1 160.45 1.8E−02 41.91 Control 2.99 Control 113.06 NUE235 9694.2 7.35 2.2E−01 33.33 NUE246 9033.4 185.78 4.3E−01 16.45 NUE235 9691.1 7.90 1.4E−01 43.31 NUE246 9033.8 205.95 1.8E−01 29.09 NUE235 9693.3 6.98 6.2E−02 26.53 NUE246 9034.1 228.95 2.4E−03 43.51 Control 5.51 Control 159.54 NUE237 9651.1 10.20 2.9E−02 85.03 NUE248 8982.4 275.80 2.2E−02 45.01 NUE237 9652.3 6.68 6.3E−02 21.09 NUE248 8981.5 343.28 1.1E−02 80.49 NUE237 9654.4 8.25 1.1E−02 49.66 NUE248 8984.1 294.45 1.5E−01 54.82 Control 5.51 NUE248 8981.2 245.25 1.1E−01 28.95 NUE237 9651.1 6.98 4.0E−02 26.53 Control 190.19 Control 5.51 NUE248 8982.4 118.75 1.6E−01 37.56 NUE239 9191.2 8.80 7.6E−02 19.32 NUE248 8984.1 124.38 2.5E−02 44.08 Control 7.38 NUE248 8981.5 140.05 4.8E−02 62.24 NUE241 9631.3 6.43 8.5E−02 35.98 NUE248 8983.1 114.05 3.2E−01 32.12 NUE241 9632.5 8.33 2.8E−04 76.19 Control 86.33 NUE241 9632.3 6.55 1.6E−02 38.62 NUE249 9122.5 145.73 4.6E−02 68.82 NUE241 9632.4 8.03 1.0E−04 70.02 NUE249 9121.4 112.83 3.6E−01 30.71 Control 4.73 NUE249 9123.3 107.98 2.1E−01 25.08 NUE244 9061.1 5.65 6.3E−02 34.52 Control 86.33 NUE244 9061.5 5.88 6.7E−02 39.88 NUE250 9133.2 182.70 4.3E−02 31.56 Control 4.20 NUE250 9134.1 216.85 2.5E−02 56.15 NUE246 9033.6 8.98 2.9E−02 28.90 Control 138.88 NUE246 9033.4 8.28 3.1E−01 18.85 NUE251 10181.3 143.00 4.0E−02 48.53 Control 6.96 NUE251 10183.2 146.38 2.4E−02 52.04 NUE246 9034.1 5.60 7.3E−02 33.33 NUE251 10183.1 128.05 3.6E−01 33.00 Control 4.20 Control 96.28 NUE246 9033.4 6.28 1.7E−01 18.40 NUE254 8972.2 173.28 8.8E−02 100.72 NUE246 9033.8 8.63 5.2E−04 62.74 NUE254 8974.1 130.38 4.1E−02 51.03 NUE246 9034.1 8.35 2.5E−04 57.55 Control 86.33 Control 5.30 NUE256 10063.4 132.65 1.4E−02 37.78 NUE248 8982.4 9.88 2.2E−02 41.83 NUE256 10064.1 212.63 1.5E−04 120.85 NUE248 8981.5 11.78 1.3E−01 69.12 NUE256 10061.2 151.98 1.2E−01 57.86 NUE248 8984.1 10.25 1.4E−01 47.22 NUE256 10062.4 152.75 1.5E−01 58.66 NUE248 8981.2 7.55 6.5E−01 8.44 NUE256 10063.2 162.50 2.1E−01 68.79 Control 6.96 Control 96.28 NUE248 8984.1 7.15 1.2E−01 43.00 NUE267 8962.1 185.23 1.6E−02 63.83 NUE248 8981.5 8.65 1.9E−02 73.00 Control 113.06 Control 5.00 NUE268 8994.5 228.80 8.7E−02 64.46 NUE250 9134.3 8.48 1.3E−02 49.67 NUE268 8992.1 204.08 2.2E−01 46.69 Control 5.66 NUE268 8996.5 146.34 7.6E−02 5.19 NUE250 9132.1 11.18 1.5E−01 102.72 Control 139.13 NUE250 9133.2 7.88 2.6E−02 42.86 NUE269 9101.1 95.83 1.4E−02 79.28 NUE250 9132.2 8.55 3.2E−02 55.10 NUE269 9102.2 89.05 7.7E−05 66.60 NUE250 9134.1 8.88 4.5E−02 61.00 NUE269 9102.3 117.90 6.5E−02 120.58 Control 5.51 NUE269 9103.1 83.60 7.0E−02 56.41 NUE250 9134.1 3.53 1.8E−01 17.99 NUE269 9103.3 82.45 1.6E−02 54.26 NUE250 9131.2 4.38 7.2E−02 46.44 Control 53.45 Control 2.99 NUE512 9284.2 94.55 9.0E−02 20.60 NUE251 10181 5.98 4.9E−02 54.69 NUE512 9284.3 92.98 4.2E−01 18.59 NUE251 10183 6.63 3.6E−03 71.52 NUE512 9283.1 91.30 8.6E−02 16.45 Control 3.86 NUE512 9282.3 92.85 5.7E−02 18.43 NUE254 8972.2 6.43 2.1E−02 52.98 NUE512 9281.3 105.50 2.1E−01 34.57 Control 4.20 Control 78.40 NUE254 8972.2 9.28 3.3E−02 85.50 NUE514 9404.1 158.73 3.8E−02 79.73 Control 5.00 Control 88.31 NUE256 10063 6.10 1.7E−03 57.93 NUE515 9712.5 104.98 5.6E−01 11.6 NUE256 10064 9.55 2.9E−07 147.25 NUE515 9713.6 185.55 4.0E−06 97.2 NUE256 10061 6.30 5.2E−02 63.11 Control 94.09 NUE256 10062 7.65 1.1E−01 98.06 NUE516 9291.1 230.00 8.3E−02 65.62 NUE256 10063 6.33 4.9E−03 63.75 NUE516 9291.4 227.13 5.7E−02 63.55 Control 3.86 Control 138.88 NUE267 8962.1 6.43 5.0E−03 52.98 NUE520 9771.4 137.73 5.8E−02 43.05 Control 4.20 NUE520 9771.7 160.25 3.5E−03 66.45 NUE268 8994.5 7.18 8.4E−02 59.44 NUE520 9771.2 158.98 1.3E−02 65.13 NUE268 8996.3 6.85 1.9E−02 52.22 NUE520 9771.3 148.40 6.5E−02 54.14 NUE268 8996.5 7.00 2.8E−03 55.56 Control 96.28 Control 4.50 NUE521 9361.2 167.53 7.3E−05 89.70 NUE512 9284.2 4.20 1.6E−02 46.72 NUE521 9363.4 180.95 7.6E−03 104.90 NUE512 9284.3 3.58 1.7E−01 24.89 Control 88.31 NUE512 9283.1 4.35 1.8E−02 51.97 NUE523 9412.1 271.35 1.0E−01 42.67 NUE512 9282.3 4.18 2.6E−02 45.85 Control 190.19 NUE512 9281.3 4.93 1.9E−02 72.05 NUE523 9413.3 184.25 7.3E−02 28.51 Control 2.86 NUE523 9413.4 180.55 2.2E−01 25.93 NUE512 9284.2 6.00 2.3E−03 53.35 Control 143.37 Control 3.91 NUE527 9202.6 152.18 6.1E−01 9.38 NUE514 9404.1 7.90 6.3E−02 61.64 NUE527 9203.2 249.95 7.5E−02 79.66 Control 4.89 NUE527 9201.2 273.53 4.2E−04 96.60 NUE515 9713.6 8.38 1.0E−04 74.5 Control 139.13 Control 4.80 NUE527 9204.2 101.70 1.3E−02 90.27 NUE519 9371.1 12.15 1.4E−01 64.75 NUE527 9202.6 82.40 3.4E−02 54.16 NUE519 9371.2 14.15 3.5E−01 91.86 NUE527 9201.1 120.30 3.6E−03 125.07 NUE519 9373.1 9.20 2.4E−01 24.75 NUE527 9203.2 84.63 2.6E−03 58.33 Control 7.38 NUE527 9204.1 68.55 1.2E−01 28.25 NUE520 9771.4 5.73 1.5E−01 48.22 Control 53.45 NUE520 9771.7 6.60 5.4E−02 70.87 NUE532 9222.4 210.65 3.5E−01 51.41 NUE520 9771.2 8.05 7.6E−03 108.41 NUE532 9222.1 168.45 8.4E−02 21.08 NUE520 9771.3 5.73 2.9E−02 48.22 NUE532 9223.5 210.15 7.6E−02 51.05 Control 3.86 Control 139.13 NUE523 9412.1 9.03 6.0E−02 29.62 NUE535 9081.1 117.15 3.0E−01 21.68 Control 6.96 NUE535 9083.1 235.35 7.7E−02 144.46 NUE527 9201.2 8.78 7.7E−02 95.00 NUE535 9084.4 128.88 5.4E−02 33.86 Control 4.50 NUE535 9082.1 114.83 3.1E−01 19.27 NUE531 10083 7.05 1.2E−01 29.66 Control 96.28 NUE531 10082 8.90 7.5E−02 63.68 NUE535 9082.2 85.55 5.9E−03 60.06 NUE531 10081 8.60 2.4E−01 58.16 NUE535 9086.2 120.63 1.3E−02 125.68 NUE531 10082 9.43 1.6E−02 73.33 NUE535 9086.3 86.67 1.2E−01 62.15 Control 5.44 NUE535 9081.1 90.65 4.3E−03 69.60 NUE531 10081 8.48 4.2E−02 32.13 NUE535 9084.4 69.83 2.2E−02 30.64 NUE531 10082 8.95 1.2E−01 39.53 Control 53.45 Control 6.41 NUE537 9393.3 207.43 6.7E−02 30.28 NUE532 9222.4 8.28 1.4E−01 83.89 Control 159.21 NUE532 9222.1 6.53 8.4E−02 45.00 NUE538 9782.1 203.68 4.0E−02 60.23 NUE532 9223.3 6.08 7.5E−02 35.00 Control 127.11 NUE532 9223.5 6.70 1.8E−01 48.89 NUE539 10101.5 146.60 3.7E−03 52.27 Control 4.50 NUE539 10103.5 126.33 7.8E−02 31.21 NUE535 9083.1 10.90 5.6E−02 182.20 NUE539 10101.2 190.80 5.0E−03 98.18 Control 3.86 NUE539 10101.7 173.78 2.0E−04 80.50 NUE537 9391.1 6.48 9.9E−02 65.50 Control 96.28 NUE537 9393.3 5.53 2.9E−01 41.21 NUE542 9332.1 196.48 3.3E−02 41.48 Control 3.91 Control 138.88 NUE538 9782.1 8.30 2.8E−05 75.66 NUE544 9763.3 169.78 8.8E−02 26.31 Control 4.73 Control 134.41 NUE539 10102 6.83 1.4E−03 76.70 NUE549 9343.6 200.95 9.7E−02 32.41 NUE539 10101 9.15 2.0E−02 136.89 NUE549 9343.7 205.95 2.8E−01 35.71 NUE539 10102 7.80 1.6E−02 101.94 Control 151.76 Control 3.86 NUE550 9144.4 128.13 5.6E−03 139.71 NUE543 10052 5.90 7.1E−02 24.87 NUE550 9141.3 116.60 5.0E−07 118.15 Control 4.73 NUE550 9143.1 124.23 1.9E−02 132.41 NUE544 9764.2 8.25 1.1E−01 53.49 NUE550 9143.4 98.70 5.2E−02 84.66 NUE544 9763.3 8.25 2.7E−02 53.49 Control 53.45 Control 5.38 NUE550 9143.1 197.68 2.6E−01 42.08 NUE548 9095.2 7.50 7.6E−02 32.45 NUE550 9143.4 174.85 1.4E−01 25.68 NUE548 9095.4 8.18 1.7E−01 44.37 NUE550 9142.2 240.83 7.2E−05 73.10 NUE548 9091.1 7.68 2.1E−01 35.54 Control 139.13 Control 5.66 NUE553 9181.5 76.85 1.9E−03 43.78 NUE548 9095.2 10.17 2.7E−02 71.23 NUE553 9185.2 74.85 2.4E−01 40.04 NUE548 9092.2 8.15 8.9E−02 37.26 NUE553 9184.3 61.65 5.6E−01 15.34 Control 5.94 NUE553 9182.2 72.28 1.3E−01 35.22 NUE549 9343.7 7.25 6.9E−02 31.52 Control 53.45 Control 5.51 NUE554 9111.4 135.30 6.7E−02 153.13 NUE550 9141.3 5.80 3.0E−01 28.89 Control 53.45 NUE550 9143.4 5.73 8.3E−03 27.22 NUE563 9453.2 270.58 1.2E−01 53.26 NUE550 9142.2 8.08 1.6E−02 79.44 NUE563 9452.3 207.35 4.2E−01 17.45 Control 4.50 NUE563 9451.2 273.50 4.7E−02 54.91 NUE554 9115.2 6.40 4.5E−02 42.22 Control 176.55 Control 4.50 NUE564 9242.3 113.35 4.7E−02 44.58 NUE560 9424.3 8.85 1.7E−03 65.64 NUE564 9242.4 90.95 8.5E−02 16.01 NUE560 9422.1 6.88 4.7E−02 28.68 NUE564 9244.1 94.08 1.3E−02 19.99 Control 5.34 Control 78.40 NUE562 9252.8 8.43 3.0E−02 57.69 NUE566 9512.4 257.28 1.4E−02 45.72 Control 5.34 Control 176.55 NUE567 9261.3 4.10 6.3E−02 43.23 NUE567 9263.2 130.00 7.3E−03 65.82 Control 2.86 NUE567 9261.3 93.50 8.4E−02 19.26 NUE568 9471.3 7.63 1.8E−02 38.32 NUE567 9261.4 112.75 2.2E−02 43.81 Control 5.51 NUE567 9263.3 84.55 5.9E−01 7.84 NUE569 9381.2 4.40 1.7E−02 53.71 Control 78.40 NUE569 9381.5 4.90 9.0E−02 71.18 NUE568 9471.3 230.43 4.1E−02 51.83 NUE569 9381.3 4.73 2.4E−03 65.07 NUE568 9461.2 186.87 2.5E−01 23.13 Control 2.86 NUE568 9474.4 187.77 2.0E−01 23.72 NUE570 9311.4 3.63 1.4E−01 26.64 NUE568 9472.2 195.70 3.0E−01 28.95 NUE570 9313.3 4.33 4.3E−02 51.09 NUE568 9462.3 172.65 5.1E−01 13.76 NUE570 9314.4 4.78 8.5E−03 66.81 Control 151.76 NUE570 9314.1 4.33 3.0E−02 51.09 NUE569 9384.4 90.90 2.1E−01 15.94 NUE570 9312.3 5.23 4.2E−04 82.53 NUE569 9381.2 124.28 7.9E−03 58.51 Control 2.86 NUE569 9381.5 130.40 4.3E−02 66.33 NUE571 9304.2 8.98 5.6E−02 67.98 NUE569 9381.3 99.18 1.7E−01 26.50 NUE571 9303.2 8.63 2.3E−03 61.43 NUE569 9384.2 99.08 9.4E−02 26.37 NUE571 9301.4 7.13 6.3E−02 33.36 Control 78.40 Control 5.34 NUE570 9313.3 110.70 1.2E−01 41.20 NUE571 9304.3 6.50 2.4E−04 127.07 NUE570 9314.4 119.08 1.2E−02 51.88 NUE571 9304.2 6.05 2.8E−02 111.35 NUE570 9314.1 109.93 8.7E−03 40.21 NUE571 9303.2 4.98 4.2E−03 73.80 NUE570 9312.3 149.30 8.0E−03 90.43 NUE571 9301.4 4.13 4.1E−02 44.10 Control 78.40 NUE571 9302.3 4.03 3.4E−02 40.61 NUE571 9304.2 212.53 1.1E−01 48.23 Control 2.86 NUE571 9303.2 240.93 3.8E−02 68.04 NUE572 9321.3 4.95 9.0E−02 72.93 NUE571 9302.1 177.58 4.0E−01 23.86 NUE572 9324.3 4.55 2.4E−02 58.95 NUE571 9301.4 209.80 1.0E−01 46.33 NUE572 9321.1 4.80 4.7E−03 67.69 NUE571 9302.3 199.13 2.6E−01 38.89 NUE572 9322.2 4.35 1.5E−02 51.97 Control 143.37 Control 2.86 NUE571 9304.3 124.43 1.2E−02 58.71 NUE573 9491.4 7.28 1.8E−03 31.97 NUE571 9304.2 123.90 4.5E−02 58.04 Control 5.51 NUE571 9303.2 106.00 1.7E−02 35.20 NUE576 9793.3 8.03 7.1E−04 69.84 Control 78.40 Control 4.73 NUE572 9322.1 124.90 3.5E−02 59.31 NUE581 9723.6 6.28 9.3E−02 30.7 NUE572 9324.3 115.85 2.7E−03 47.77 NUE581 9724.9 8.15 2.0E−04 69.8 NUE572 9321.1 101.00 3.1E−02 28.83 Control 4.80 NUE572 9322.2 98.05 1.1E−02 25.06 NUE582 9561.1 6.90 2.6E−01 25.17 Control 78.40 NUE582 9562.4 7.88 3.3E−02 42.86 NUE573 9491.1 226.63 4.7E−02 49.33 NUE582 9561.2 8.95 3.0E−02 62.36 Control 151.76 Control 5.51 NUE581 9723.6 125.85 9.7E−02 33.8 NUE583 9673.4 11.28 6.2E−02 75.78 NUE581 9724.5 99.23 7.8E−01 5.5 NUE583 9673.2 7.70 4.3E−01 20.04 NUE581 9724.9 165.35 2.0E−04 75.7 Control 6.41 Control 94.09 NUE585 9661.1 6.95 7.5E−02 31.13 NUE582 9564.2 189.45 1.4E−01 36.42 Control 5.30 NUE582 9561.1 186.30 1.5E−01 34.15 NUE587 9643.2 10.20 3.2E−02 85.03 NUE582 9562.4 209.48 7.3E−02 50.84 NUE587 9641.3 8.23 1.8E−01 49.21 NUE582 9561.2 244.25 9.8E−02 75.88 Control 5.51 Control 138.88 NUE592 9744.5 9.80 1.0E−07 104.2 NUE583 9673.4 222.13 4.7E−02 54.28 NUE592 9747.5 8.23 2.0E−04 71.4 Control 143.97 Control 4.80 NUE585 9661.5 198.18 6.9E−02 24.22 NUE585 9661.1 194.93 2.6E−01 22.18 Control 159.54 NUE587 9643.2 242.53 4.2E−02 53.46 NUE587 9643.1 221.50 1.9E−01 40.16 NUE587 9642.5 169.73 7.0E−01 7.40 NUE587 9642.2 192.08 4.1E−01 21.54 NUE587 9641.3 268.95 3.5E−04 70.18 Control 158.04 NUE592 9741.7 115.18 2.6E−01 22.4 NUE592 9744.5 197.68 2.6E−07 110.1 NUE592 9747.4 118.53 1.9E−01 26.0 NUE592 9747.5 169.38 1.0E−04 80.0 Control 94.09 Table 29: Analyses of plant biomass (plant fresh and dry weight) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate.

TABLE 30 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (leaf area) under standard nitrogen conditions Leaf Area cm² Gene Name Event # Average p-value % increment CT11 4892.2 0.873 6.4E−03 72.49 CT11 4892.3 0.809 1.6E−03 59.89 CT11 4892.1 0.848 8.2E−02 67.56 Control 0.506 CT11 4894.2 0.474 8.2E−02 21.28 CT11 4893.2 0.763 2.7E−02 94.95 Control 0.391 CT27 5033.8 0.645 3.8E−02 81.02 CT27 5033.5 0.482 8.8E−02 35.52 Control 0.356 CT27 5033.7 0.495 6.9E−02 26.56 CT27 5035.2 0.751 1.2E−02 92.06 CT27 5031.4 0.582 1.3E−05 48.90 CT27 5033.6 0.602 1.6E−02 53.79 CT27 5033.4 0.575 1.3E−02 47.12 CT27 5033.8 0.528 6.0E−03 34.95 CT27 5033.5 0.446 5.8E−02 14.08 Control 0.391 CT6 4941.4 0.551 1.5E−04 40.90 Control 0.391 CT75 4872.5 0.506 1.0E−01 29.29 CT75 4874.4 0.529 3.1E−02 35.35 Control 0.391 CT76 5044.6 0.702 8.6E−03 38.82 CT76 5041.5 0.674 2.0E−01 33.22 CT76 5041.7 0.596 1.4E−01 17.83 CT76 5043.5 1.093 2.1E−05 116.09 CT76 5041.6 0.779 4.9E−02 53.91 CT76 5041.9 0.749 4.0E−03 48.14 Control 0.506 CT76 5044.6 0.663 1.6E−02 86.32 CT76 5041.5 0.904 2.4E−03 153.77 CT76 5043.5 0.850 1.8E−03 138.87 CT76 5041.6 0.528 2.3E−02 48.40 CT76 5041.9 0.696 6.3E−03 95.60 Control 0.356 CT81 4992.1 0.804 7.1E−02 58.98 CT81 4992.2 0.778 3.4E−03 53.73 Control 0.506 NUE206 6732.5 0.707 3.6E−02 21.77 Control 0.580 NUE208 8354.8 0.765 1.1E−02 31.82 NUE208 8354.5 0.727 1.3E−01 25.27 NUE208 8355.3 0.763 5.7E−02 31.55 Control 0.580 NUE209 8192.14 0.458 2.2E−01 43.17 NUE209 8191.5 0.430 7.0E−02 34.44 Control 0.320 NUE210 8201.3 0.485 1.1E−02 51.70 Control 0.320 NUE210 8202.1 0.414 1.3E−02 30.69 NUE210 6755.3 0.474 5.8E−02 49.68 Control 0.316 NUE210 8201.2 0.275 1.5E−02 35.08 Control 0.204 NUE211 8265.1 0.253 7.2E−02 24.01 NUE211 8263.5 0.370 4.7E−04 81.74 Control 0.204 NUE212 8335.1 0.332 6.3E−02 62.71 NUE212 8334.1 0.277 5.9E−03 36.04 NUE212 8331.4 0.268 1.1E−01 31.45 Control 0.204 NUE212 8335.2 0.490 1.2E−02 53.10 Control 0.320 NUE212 8332.1 0.390 7.7E−03 23.33 NUE212 8334.1 0.420 2.1E−03 32.80 NUE212 8331.4 0.430 2.3E−03 35.83 Control 0.316 NUE221 9801.10 0.47 5.6E−01 8.7 NUE221 9802.8 0.59 1.0E−02 38.4 NUE221 9806.1 0.72 1.0E−05 68.8 Control 0.43 NUE224 9002.2 0.525 1.3E−02 19.12 NUE224 9001.3 0.542 9.6E−02 22.97 Control 0.441 NUE227 9851.2 0.531 1.9E−01 22.50 NUE227 9853.1 0.628 2.1E−02 44.84 NUE227 9852.3 0.550 6.8E−02 26.84 Control 0.433 NUE228 10092.2 0.691 2.5E−01 22.23 NUE228 10093.3 0.759 3.6E−02 34.30 NUE228 10093.1 0.646 1.7E−01 14.35 Control 0.565 NUE229 8864.2 0.430 2.4E−02 21.48 Control 0.354 NUE230 9154.2 0.559 1.3E−01 26.94 NUE230 9151.2 0.519 8.3E−02 17.74 Control 0.441 NUE231 10631.3 0.46 5.9E−01 8.0 NUE231 10632.2 0.50 2.7E−01 16.3 NUE231 10633.3 0.74 3.9E−06 72.3 Control 0.43 NUE233 10174.3 0.512 7.7E−04 87.53 NUE233 10174.1 0.735 5.1E−06 169.13 NUE233 10173.7 0.398 2.9E−02 45.70 Control 0.273 NUE233 10174.1 0.820 1.2E−04 35.44 Control 0.606 NUE235 9694.2 0.516 1.0E−01 17.08 NUE235 9694.3 0.578 2.6E−02 31.06 Control 0.441 NUE237 9651.1 0.710 3.7E−03 61.05 NUE237 9654.4 0.566 1.9E−02 28.50 NUE237 9654.1 0.634 1.4E−01 43.87 Control 0.441 NUE241 9631.3 0.670 6.8E−04 54.67 NUE241 9632.5 0.626 1.2E−01 44.49 NUE241 9632.4 0.601 1.1E−03 38.64 Control 0.433 NUE242 9214.1 0.726 5.0E−02 18.36 Control 0.613 NUE242 9212.1 0.542 4.1E−02 42.31 NUE242 9213.4 0.518 1.3E−02 35.92 Control 0.381 NUE244 9061.5 0.473 4.8E−03 33.52 Control 0.354 NUE246 9033.8 0.740 3.2E−03 51.11 NUE246 9034.1 0.582 6.5E−02 18.92 NUE246 9031.1 0.572 6.9E−02 16.87 Control 0.490 NUE248 8981.5 0.803 7.2E−02 55.67 Control 0.516 NUE250 9132.1 0.744 8.5E−02 68.79 NUE250 9133.2 0.528 2.0E−02 19.79 NUE250 9132.2 0.517 1.8E−01 17.26 NUE250 9134.1 0.525 1.8E−01 19.17 Control 0.441 NUE250 9134.1 0.444 4.1E−03 25.38 Control 0.354 NUE251 10181.3 0.599 1.1E−02 119.32 NUE251 10183.2 0.467 2.4E−02 71.22 NUE251 10183.1 0.408 2.7E−02 49.61 NUE251 10181.1 0.397 7.3E−03 45.35 Control 0.273 NUE251 10181.3 0.600 6.2E−02 22.85 Control 0.488 NUE251 10183.2 0.713 2.9E−02 17.75 Control 0.606 NUE256 10063.4 0.479 4.6E−03 75.40 NUE256 10064.1 0.707 1.5E−04 159.05 NUE256 10061.2 0.601 9.0E−06 120.20 NUE256 10062.4 0.588 1.2E−03 115.54 NUE256 10063.2 0.507 3.2E−03 85.58 Control 0.273 NUE268 8996.5 0.730 6.1E−02 39.46 Control 0.523 NUE269 9103.3 0.448 8.1E−02 23.13 Control 0.364 NUE512 9284.2 0.531 4.8E−02 45.85 NUE512 9282.3 0.748 1.2E−04 105.28 NUE512 9284.4 0.442 5.3E−02 21.37 Control 0.364 NUE514 9404.1 0.796 1.2E−04 108.76 NUE514 9402.2 0.449 2.1E−01 17.88 NUE514 9403.2 0.452 2.3E−01 18.65 Control 0.381 NUE515 9712.6 0.49 3.5E−01 14.0 NUE515 9713.6 0.66 5.0E−04 53.4 Control 0.43 NUE516 9291.1 0.516 2.0E−01 16.98 NUE516 9291.4 0.639 6.0E−04 45.10 Control 0.441 NUE520 9771.4 0.465 1.6E−02 70.36 NUE520 9771.7 0.482 1.4E−02 76.62 NUE520 9771.2 0.415 2.7E−03 51.98 NUE520 9771.3 0.360 1.5E−02 32.02 Control 0.273 NUE521 9363.4 0.716 4.6E−03 75.12 Control 0.409 NUE521 9361.2 0.525 4.8E−02 37.71 NUE521 9363.4 0.582 2.5E−02 52.79 Control 0.381 NUE523 9412.1 0.752 2.0E−02 45.74 Control 0.516 NUE523 9412.5 0.526 5.2E−02 38.12 NUE523 9414.2 0.487 3.3E−02 27.79 Control 0.381 NUE531 10083.1 0.809 7.9E−03 43.12 NUE531 10082.2 0.705 3.0E−01 24.67 NUE531 10081.4 0.900 1.5E−02 59.14 NUE531 10081.5 0.866 3.8E−02 53.10 Control 0.565 NUE531 10081.4 0.789 7.0E−02 30.24 NUE531 10081.5 0.816 2.0E−02 34.70 Control 0.606 NUE535 9084.2 0.430 1.9E−02 57.65 NUE535 9083.1 0.822 4.7E−03 201.24 NUE535 9084.4 0.436 1.4E−03 59.81 NUE535 9082.1 0.381 1.6E−01 39.64 Control 0.273 NUE537 9391.1 0.526 8.2E−02 44.39 NUE537 9393.2 0.459 7.1E−02 26.03 NUE537 9394.4 0.471 3.3E−02 29.36 NUE537 9391.2 0.575 1.1E−02 57.79 NUE537 9393.3 0.733 5.0E−03 101.21 Control 0.364 NUE539 10101.5 0.510 3.6E−02 86.79 NUE539 10103.5 0.432 1.6E−02 58.38 NUE539 10101.2 0.638 3.5E−04 133.70 NUE539 10101.7 0.641 6.5E−03 134.76 Control 0.273 NUE542 9333.2 0.535 4.4E−04 46.83 NUE542 9331.3 0.455 7.7E−02 24.84 NUE542 9332.1 0.411 2.9E−01 12.88 Control 0.364 NUE543 10052.3 0.556 2.0E−01 28.45 NUE543 10051.6 0.530 2.6E−02 22.32 Control 0.433 NUE543 10051.2 0.759 7.7E−02 34.20 NUE543 10051.6 0.682 1.0E−01 20.71 Control 0.565 NUE544 9763.3 0.596 1.8E−03 36.70 Control 0.436 NUE548 9091.1 0.783 1.2E−02 27.78 Control 0.613 NUE550 9144.3 0.436 4.0E−02 19.74 Control 0.364 NUE550 9143.1 0.558 1.4E−02 35.96 Control 0.410 NUE550 9141.3 0.622 2.0E−01 18.74 NUE550 9142.2 0.664 5.7E−03 26.77 Control 0.523 NUE551 9351.1 0.566 7.6E−02 15.59 Control 0.490 NUE560 9424.3 0.537 8.5E−02 31.22 NUE560 9422.1 0.581 2.0E−04 41.90 Control 0.409 NUE564 9244.1 0.520 7.9E−02 22.64 Control 0.424 NUE564 9242.3 0.415 5.6E−02 13.97 NUE564 9243.2 0.469 7.6E−02 28.83 NUE564 9242.2 0.585 4.5E−04 60.72 Control 0.364 NUE567 9263.2 0.510 2.5E−02 40.15 NUE567 9261.3 0.415 3.4E−01 13.94 NUE567 9261.2 0.400 6.0E−01 9.89 NUE567 9263.3 0.453 3.9E−01 24.33 Control 0.364 NUE568 9471.3 0.613 4.5E−04 60.34 NUE568 9472.2 0.689 3.5E−03 80.16 Control 0.382 NUE569 9381.2 0.576 1.6E−02 35.83 NUE569 9381.3 0.507 1.7E−01 19.49 Control 0.424 NUE571 9304.2 0.752 4.6E−03 83.90 NUE571 9301.1 0.623 1.4E−01 52.23 NUE571 9303.2 0.545 6.6E−04 33.32 NUE571 9302.1 0.574 1.3E−04 40.39 NUE571 9302.3 0.524 9.1E−02 28.11 Control 0.409 NUE571 9301.4 0.492 6.1E−02 16.00 Control 0.424 NUE573 9491.1 0.511 1.5E−02 33.50 NUE573 9491.4 0.539 2.3E−01 40.86 Control 0.382 NUE576 9794.1 0.503 1.2E−01 16.10 NUE576 9793.3 0.641 9.9E−03 48.00 Control 0.433 NUE578 9524.3 0.551 3.2E−04 43.94 NUE578 9524.1 0.477 2.2E−01 24.73 Control 0.382 NUE579 9701.3 0.481 8.3E−02 18.67 Control 0.406 NUE580 9554.4 0.483 2.0E−02 26.39 Control 0.382 NUE581 9723.6 0.53 1.3E−01 22.7 NUE581 9724.9 0.74 2.9E−06 73.4 Control 0.43 NUE582 9562.4 0.567 2.6E−02 28.69 NUE582 9561.2 0.649 3.4E−02 47.37 Control 0.441 NUE583 9673.4 1.065 4.9E−03 75.90 NUE583 9673.2 0.773 8.5E−02 27.63 Control 0.606 NUE586 9751.6 0.551 3.4E−02 26.32 NUE586 9751.7 0.628 2.7E−02 44.06 NUE586 9752.4 0.479 8.0E−02 9.73 NUE586 9752.1 0.609 2.0E−02 39.56 Control 0.436 NUE587 9643.2 0.780 4.2E−03 92.27 NUE587 9641.3 0.503 1.9E−01 23.98 Control 0.406 NUE592 9744.5 0.89 1.0E−10 106.7 NUE592 9747.5 0.59 1.0E−02 38.7 Control 0.43 Table 30: Analyses of plant biomass (leaf area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate.

The genes presented in Table 31 hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE since they produced larger root biomass when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. Plants producing larger root biomass have better possibilities to absorb larger amount of nitrogen from soil.

Table 31 depicts analyses of root performance (root length and coverage) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 31 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved root performance (root length and coverage) under standard nitrogen conditions Roots Length [cm] Roots Coverage _[cm²] Gene Name Event # Average p-value % incr. Average p-value % incr. CT27 5033.6 3.341 1.8E−01 18.64 2.879 1.5E−01 31.17 CT27 5033.4 3.362 1.6E−02 19.36 2.461 5.3E−01 12.11 Control 2.817 2.195 CT75 4873.4 4.223 8.1E−02 13.74 3.136 8.5E−01 2.38 CT75 4873.3 5.290 9.1E−03 42.48 4.560 7.9E−02 48.88 Control 3.713 3.063 CT76 5043.5 4.908 7.0E−02 23.17 7.927 1.5E−02 101.19 CT76 5041.6 4.286 4.2E−01 7.57 5.216 3.7E−01 32.41 CT76 5041.9 4.051 7.2E−01 1.67 4.809 3.9E−02 22.05 Control 3.984 3.940 CT76 5041.5 4.273 5.4E−04 51.72 5.377 2.8E−03 144.94 CT76 5043.5 2.837 9.1E−01 0.73 3.200 5.7E−03 45.76 Control 2.817 2.195 NUE206 6731.2 3.619 6.8E−02 28.05 3.376 3.5E−02 60.66 NUE206 6732.7 3.311 6.7E−02 17.14 2.577 1.3E−01 22.63 NUE206 6732.5 3.516 3.1E−02 24.42 2.894 1.3E−01 37.69 NUE206 6732.1 3.347 2.0E−02 18.43 2.575 1.2E−01 22.53 Control 2.826 2.102 NUE206 6731.2 4.088 4.8E−02 36.80 5.469 3.2E−02 109.44 NUE206 6732.5 4.106 1.2E−03 37.41 5.064 5.2E−03 93.92 NUE206 6732.15 3.669 9.1E−02 22.78 4.031 2.4E−02 54.36 Control 2.988 2.611 NUE208 8351.3 3.930 2.9E−03 39.05 3.339 8.4E−03 58.86 NUE208 8354.4 3.385 1.8E−01 19.76 2.828 1.3E−02 34.57 Control 2.826 2.102 NUE208 8355.3 3.393 6.0E−01 8.41 3.528 8.5E−02 48.07 Control 3.130 2.382 NUE208 8355.3 3.600 6.6E−02 20.47 3.969 8.6E−02 51.99 Control 2.988 2.611 NUE212 8332.2 4.896 6.1E−02 14.16 5.444 2.0E−02 27.45 Control 4.289 4.272 NUE221 9802.8 3.72 4.9E−01 12.1 Control 3.32 NUE223 9613.1 4.376 9.8E−02 18.05 5.480 4.0E−02 36.61 NUE223 9612.3 4.426 8.7E−02 19.41 5.228 4.5E−02 30.32 Control 3.707 4.012 NUE230 9152.4 4.034 9.1E−03 17.77 3.441 1.1E−01 40.34 Control 3.425 2.452 NUE231 10631.3 4.45 5.3E−02 34.2 NUE231 10632.2 4.31 7.8E−03 14.7 4.64 2.3E−02 40.0 NUE231 10633.3 4.84 7.0E−04 28.9 6.30 1.2E−06 90.1 Control 3.76 3.32 NUE233 10174.3 3.326 1.2E−01 16.40 2.879 3.3E−02 45.78 NUE233 10174.1 4.581 3.9E−04 60.32 5.392 3.2E−04 173.01 NUE233 10173.5 4.414 4.8E−04 54.47 2.865 1.1E−02 45.06 NUE233 10172.5 3.581 3.5E−02 25.30 2.957 4.8E−03 49.73 NUE233 10173.7 3.100 4.5E−01 8.48 2.613 1.9E−01 32.30 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE233 10174.1 4.375 1.3E−02 30.08 3.884 1.6E−01 18.86 NUE233 10173.5 4.755 7.1E−04 41.36 4.746 2.3E−02 45.25 Control 3.363 3.268 NUE233 10174.1 4.357 5.8E−04 21.63 4.698 6.0E−03 39.12 Control 3.582 3.377 NUE237 9654.4 3.928 8.6E−01 −1.32 4.729 1.0E−02 21.38 NUE237 9654.1 4.951 4.0E−02 24.37 6.035 7.3E−02 54.90 Control 3.981 3.896 NUE237 9654.1 3.831 1.8E−01 11.85 4.235 2.3E−02 49.30 Control 3.425 2.837 NUE239 9191.2 4.379 2.1E−02 27.86 5.300 3.4E−02 86.84 Control 3.707 4.012 NUE241 9631.3 4.010 4.1E−01 5.60 3.785 1.4E−01 23.13 NUE241 9632.5 5.084 4.2E−04 33.88 6.207 2.3E−03 101.95 NUE241 9632.3 4.507 1.7E−01 18.69 4.237 2.3E−01 37.86 Control 3.797 3.074 NUE242 9213.4 4.696 5.9E−02 20.84 5.038 1.3E−01 28.12 Control 3.886 3.933 NUE246 9033.8 4.534 1.2E−01 14.09 5.522 6.1E−02 50.92 Control 3.974 3.659 NUE251 10181.3 3.824 2.7E−02 33.82 3.356 9.5E−03 69.93 NUE251 10183.2 3.635 3.7E−02 27.20 3.158 3.6E−02 59.92 NUE251 10183.1 3.726 6.2E−02 30.37 3.075 7.4E−02 55.70 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE251 10181.3 4.406 1.5E−03 30.98 4.945 2.9E−02 51.35 Control 3.363 3.268 NUE256 10063.4 4.545 1.0E−02 59.03 4.513 1.7E−02 128.53 NUE256 10064.1 3.444 8.2E−02 20.53 3.655 3.0E−04 85.07 NUE256 10061.2 3.398 6.3E−02 18.90 3.772 7.5E−05 91.01 NUE256 10063.2 3.464 2.0E−01 21.21 3.617 7.2E−02 83.13 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE256 10061.3 4.011 8.5E−02 11.96 3.500 7.6E−01 3.66 Control 3.582 3.377 NUE269 9104.1 4.116 9.0E−02 26.30 3.527 2.2E−01 28.77 Control 3.259 2.739 NUE512 9284.3 4.178 3.9E−01 14.99 3.222 6.3E−01 12.38 NUE512 9282.3 3.683 8.6E−01 1.36 4.173 1.7E−02 45.56 NUE512 9284.4 5.110 6.5E−04 40.66 3.987 3.4E−02 39.06 Control 3.633 2.867 NUE513 9681.6 4.639 2.5E−02 25.14 5.087 1.9E−01 26.81 Control 3.707 4.012 NUE513 9683.5 5.331 3.4E−02 20.24 4.960 9.1E−01 1.26 Control 4.433 4.898 NUE513 9683.5 5.216 1.6E−04 31.26 4.402 2.2E−01 20.31 Control 3.974 3.659 NUE514 9403.2 5.889 2.1E−04 54.38 6.448 1.4E−03 101.05 Control 3.815 3.207 NUE515 9712.6. 3.87 3.4E−01 16.6 NUE515 9713.6. 4.19 1.3E−01 26.3 Control 3.32 NUE520 9771.4 3.480 6.1E−02 21.77 3.356 7.8E−02 69.94 NUE520 9771.2 3.487 5.7E−02 22.01 4.241 1.3E−02 114.72 NUE520 9772.1 3.382 2.6E−01 18.35 3.936 4.7E−02 99.31 NUE520 9771.3 3.284 2.0E−01 14.93 3.728 4.4E−03 88.78 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE523 9414.2 5.238 9.7E−02 18.15 4.912 9.9E−01 0.28 Control 4.433 4.898 NUE523 9412.5 4.589 2.1E−02 24.78 3.820 5.5E−01 11.95 NUE523 9414.2 4.983 3.6E−02 35.48 4.310 1.6E−01 26.28 Control 3.678 3.413 NUE523 9412.5 3.997 5.3E−01 4.78 4.391 1.4E−02 36.91 NUE523 9414.2 4.386 7.8E−02 14.98 4.588 1.8E−02 43.04 Control 3.815 3.207 NUE531 10083.3 4.413 5.7E−02 33.45 3.781 2.2E−01 24.13 NUE531 10081.4 3.857 3.6E−02 16.65 4.484 3.8E−02 47.23 NUE531 10081.5 4.377 3.6E−02 32.38 4.698 9.9E−02 54.25 Control 3.306 3.046 NUE531 10083.2 3.852 7.3E−02 14.51 3.992 6.0E−02 22.18 Control 3.363 3.268 NUE531 10083.3 4.256 9.0E−02 18.79 4.023 2.8E−01 19.16 NUE531 10081.4 4.066 5.2E−02 13.49 4.864 3.7E−02 44.06 NUE531 10081.5 4.240 1.7E−02 18.37 4.905 8.1E−02 45.26 Control 3.582 3.377 NUE535 9084.2 3.244 2.5E−01 13.51 3.005 9.7E−02 52.16 NUE535 9083.1 3.300 2.3E−01 15.49 3.263 7.1E−02 65.20 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE537 9393.3 3.603 8.9E−01 −0.83 4.005 4.8E−02 39.70 Control 3.633 2.867 NUE538 9782.1 3.805 9.8E−01 0.22 3.850 7.9E−02 25.26 Control 3.797 3.074 NUE538 9784.4 3.674 7.5E−02 16.79 2.729 4.6E−01 12.64 NUE538 9783.4 4.332 6.1E−03 37.70 3.571 4.5E−02 47.38 Control 3.146 2.423 NUE539 10103.5 3.228 2.0E−01 12.96 2.727 1.5E−01 38.07 NUE539 10101.7 3.736 1.6E−02 30.72 3.446 8.3E−03 74.48 Control 2.858 1.975 NUE543 10052.3 4.801 3.8E−03 26.44 4.373 4.7E−02 42.28 Control 3.797 3.074 NUE543 10051.1 4.064 2.9E−02 22.91 4.493 6.0E−02 47.51 NUE543 10052.3 4.003 1.1E−01 21.06 3.953 2.1E−01 29.78 Control 3.306 3.046 NUE544 9764.1 3.603 9.6E−02 14.52 3.075 2.3E−02 26.92 NUE544 9763.3 3.953 1.8E−02 25.66 3.096 3.0E−02 27.77 Control 3.146 2.423 NUE550 9141.3 4.453 4.6E−01 8.58 5.445 5.9E−02 35.65 Control 4.101 4.014 NUE551 9354.3 4.584 9.0E−02 23.66 5.375 1.3E−01 33.99 Control 3.707 4.012 NUE566 9512.2 5.004 3.0E−02 18.17 5.741 2.3E−01 27.49 NUE566 9512.1 4.859 1.5E−01 14.75 5.807 3.0E−01 28.96 Control 4.234 4.503 NUE568 9471.3 3.796 2.4E−01 10.82 3.883 8.9E−02 36.89 NUE568 9472.2 4.025 1.8E−01 17.50 4.944 9.7E−03 74.30 NUE568 9462.3 4.519 4.8E−02 31.93 4.354 5.0E−02 53.47 Control 3.425 2.837 NUE570 9311.4 4.279 3.0E−01 17.77 4.349 5.4E−02 51.70 NUE570 9314.4 3.692 8.1E−01 1.63 4.044 2.8E−02 41.05 Control 3.633 2.867 NUE571 9304.2 3.841 7.5E−01 4.43 4.423 3.7E−01 29.60 NUE571 9301.1 4.444 6.6E−02 20.84 5.020 1.1E−01 47.11 Control 3.678 3.413 NUE573 9491.1 3.948 7.6E−02 15.26 3.887 4.8E−02 37.01 Control 3.425 2.837 NUE574 10363.4 4.080 5.6E−02 13.90 4.326 2.0E−01 28.12 NUE574 10366.1 4.893 3.3E−02 36.58 5.262 4.3E−02 55.84 Control 3.582 3.377 NUE576 9792.4 4.284 1.5E−01 12.82 4.322 2.3E−02 40.63 Control 3.797 3.074 NUE579 9701.3 3.965 9.9E−02 26.03 3.899 4.7E−02 60.90 NUE579 9703.3 3.542 1.0E−01 12.60 2.797 4.7E−01 15.43 Control 3.146 2.423 NUE580 9553.2 4.418 4.7E−03 28.99 3.784 7.3E−02 33.40 NUE580 9551.4 4.239 5.1E−02 23.75 4.282 1.5E−01 50.96 NUE580 9554.4 4.158 8.9E−02 21.41 3.902 7.1E−02 37.54 Control 3.425 2.837 NUE582 9562.4 4.115 5.1E−01 3.38 4.951 7.6E−02 27.06 Control 3.981 3.896 NUE583 9673.4 4.319 2.2E−03 20.56 5.635 4.1E−03 66.89 NUE583 9673.2 3.739 5.9E−01 4.36 4.595 1.5E−01 36.10 Control 3.582 3.377 NUE586 9752.1 6.394 2.6E−05 49.10 7.681 6.9E−05 79.81 Control 4.289 4.272 NUE586 9751.1 3.847 9.6E−02 22.28 3.171 2.3E−01 30.87 NUE586 9751.7 4.956 9.5E−03 57.53 4.510 8.1E−02 86.12 NUE586 9752.2 4.538 2.3E−04 44.25 3.478 1.6E−03 43.54 NUE586 9751.3 4.047 2.8E−01 28.62 3.090 3.3E−01 27.54 NUE586 9752.1 4.629 3.9E−02 47.13 4.232 1.4E−01 74.66 Control 3.146 2.423 NUE587 9643.2 3.473 3.4E−01 10.38 3.653 4.2E−02 50.77 Control 3.146 2.423 NUE593 10394.2 4.033 4.5E−02 21.96 3.941 3.7E−02 29.39 NUE593 10393.2 3.719 6.3E−02 12.48 3.544 1.8E−01 16.38 Control 3.306 3.046 Table 31: Analyses of root performance (root length and coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate.

The genes presented in Table 32, hereinbelow, have improved plant growth rate when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. Faster growth was observed when growth rate of leaf area and root length and coverage was measured.

Table 32 depicts analyses of leaf area, root length and root coverage growth rate when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)] in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 32 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved growth rate under standard nitrogen conditions Gene RGR Of Leaf Area RGR Of Roots Coverage RGR Of Roots Length Name Event # Ave. p-value % incr. Ave. p-value % incr. Ave. p-value % incr. CT11 4892.2 0.093 2.4E−04 76.02 0.584 7.8E−02 28.88 0.428 1.0E−01 17.45 CT11 4892.3 0.082 1.3E−03 55.84 0.524 3.6E−01 15.68 0.397 4.0E−01 8.75 CT11 4892.1 0.085 6.5E−03 61.71 0.490 6.8E−01 8.24 0.385 6.7E−01 5.43 Control 0.053 0.453 0.365 CT11 4894.2 0.049 2.0E−02 30.32 CT11 4893.2 0.078 3.6E−05 107.01 0.550 3.4E−02 52.79 0.395 2.0E−01 21.56 Control 0.037 0.360 0.325 CT27 5033.6 0.040 1.6E−01 22.17 0.347 4.1E−02 40.85 0.325 1.9E−02 36.08 CT27 5033.4 0.047 3.2E−02 40.54 0.287 3.5E−01 16.49 0.296 5.9E−02 24.30 CT27 5033.8 0.063 5.9E−05 90.98 0.357 1.0E−01 44.71 0.251 7.5E−01 5.19 CT27 5033.5 0.049 3.7E−03 48.72 0.248 7.8E−01 3.85 Control 0.033 0.247 0.238 CT27 5033.7 0.049 1.8E−02 31.77 CT27 5035.2 0.079 8.4E−07 111.02 0.402 5.8E−01 11.56 0.343 7.1E−01 5.73 CT27 5031.4 0.053 1.5E−03 41.85 CT27 5033.6 0.058 4.6E−04 53.91 0.513 3.1E−02 42.39 0.357 5.4E−01 10.03 CT27 5033.4 0.060 2.2E−05 59.59 0.547 3.2E−02 51.81 0.416 9.9E−02 28.01 CT27 5033.8 0.055 3.8E−04 47.37 CT27 5033.5 0.047 4.0E−02 25.25 Control 0.037 0.360 0.325 CT6 4943.1 0.048 6.3E−02 27.13 0.378 8.1E−01 4.79 Control 0.037 0.360 0.325 CT75 4872.5 0.055 2.1E−03 47.90 CT75 4874.4 0.053 3.2E−03 42.55 CT75 4874.7 0.054 6.7E−03 44.21 0.368 9.2E−01 2.17 CT75 4873.3 0.052 1.3E−02 39.84 0.518 4.3E−02 43.91 0.415 1.1E−01 27.69 Control 0.037 0.360 0.325 CT76 5044.6 0.072 2.6E−02 36.36 CT76 5041.5 0.068 29.56 0.685 2.8E−02 51.34 0.403 4.7E−01 10.41 CT76 5041.7 0.058 9.50 CT76 5043.5 0.114 1.4E−07 115.19 0.961 9.5E−06 112.17 0.506 2.2E−03 38.75 CT76 5041.6 0.082 7.3E−03 55.95 0.626 9.8E−02 38.15 0.448 5.4E−02 22.83 CT76 5041.9 0.079 3.8E−03 49.27 0.571 9.6E−02 25.96 0.378 7.0E−01 3.74 Control 0.053 0.453 0.365 CT76 5044.6 0.064 2.7E−05 92.67 0.283 4.2E−01 14.80 0.292 1.2E−01 22.42 CT76 5041.5 0.094 9.7E−12 182.48 0.635 9.1E−08 157.51 0.384 2.8E−05 61.08 CT76 5041.7 0.042 3.4E−02 25.46 CT76 5043.5 0.091 1.1E−11 174.29 0.394 2.7E−03 59.72 0.300 4.2E−02 25.74 CT76 5041.6 0.052 7.3E−05 55.70 0.287 3.9E−01 16.43 0.271 3.6E−01 13.45 CT76 5041.9 0.066 4.5E−07 100.31 0.408 1.2E−03 65.59 0.317 9.7E−03 33.04 Control 0.033 0.247 0.238 NUE206 6731.2 0.396 1.6E−03 78.33 0.369 8.5E−03 44.35 NUE206 6732.1 0.297 1.5E−01 33.53 0.333 4.9E−02 30.52 Control 0.036 0.222 0.256 NUE206 6731.2 0.063 6.3E−01 7.32 0.650 3.1E−05 125.39 0.435 4.9E−05 65.80 NUE206 6732.5 0.074 9.5E−02 26.57 0.579 4.4E−06 100.85 0.389 8.9E−05 48.32 NUE206 6732.2 0.059 9.2E−01 1.58 0.464 1.9E−03 60.76 0.365 4.6E−03 39.21 Control 0.058 0.288 0.262 NUE208 8351.3 0.033 0.389 1.4E−03 74.92 0.397 1.9E−04 55.33 Control 0.036 0.222 0.256 NUE208 8354.8 0.041 24.69 0.422 3.7E−02 51.73 0.393 8.2E−02 35.05 NUE208 8355.3 0.037 13.69 0.418 3.5E−02 50.07 0.331 4.7E−01 13.65 Control 0.033 0.278 0.291 NUE208 8354.8 0.076 9.1E−02 30.54 NUE208 8354.5 0.073 1.8E−01 24.95 0.305 7.4E−01 5.73 0.276 6.4E−01 5.23 NUE208 8355.3 0.079 5.8E−02 34.69 0.460 7.5E−03 59.54 0.362 3.1E−03 37.83 NUE208 8351.5 0.059 9.0E−01 1.94 0.312 6.2E−01 8.27 0.315 9.1E−02 19.92 Control 0.058 0.288 0.262 NUE209 8192.1 0.045 1.4E−01 36.98 0.450 1.9E−02 61.65 0.368 1.4E−01 26.60 NUE209 8191.5 0.044 7.8E−02 34.71 0.295 7.7E−01 6.00 Control 0.033 0.278 0.291 NUE209 8191.2 0.041 4.5E−02 31.45 0.330 4.3E−01 12.88 0.335 4.4E−01 12.06 NUE209 8192.1 0.035 3.6E−01 14.35 NUE209 8192.1 0.044 2.3E−02 40.98 NUE209 8191.5 0.040 5.9E−02 30.43 NUE209 8192.1 0.034 5.7E−01 9.26 Control 0.031 0.292 0.299 NUE209 8192.1 0.345 19.74 0.365 1.4E−03 39.07 NUE209 8192.1 0.487 9.6E−03 68.94 0.377 2.5E−02 43.59 NUE209 8191.3 0.083 4.7E−02 41.92 Control 0.058 0.288 0.262 NUE210 8202.1 0.049 3.9E−02 48.76 NUE210 8201.3 0.049 9.7E−03 50.64 Control 0.033 0.278 0.291 NUE210 8202.1 0.042 3.6E−02 34.98 0.403 4.8E−02 37.90 0.345 3.7E−01 15.40 NUE210 6755.3 0.048 4.6E−03 55.18 0.423 1.9E−02 44.72 0.441 1.1E−02 47.78 Control 0.031 0.292 0.299 NUE211 8263.5 0.038 7.6E−05 89.32 0.191 8.9E−02 58.43 0.215 5.7E−02 53.44 Control 0.020 0.121 0.140 NUE212 8335.1 0.036 2.7E−03 82.84 0.216 5.8E−02 79.29 0.235 4.4E−02 68.20 NUE212 8334.1 0.029 6.2E−03 46.65 0.131 7.9E−01 8.85 0.159 6.3E−01 13.62 NUE212 8331.4 0.026 9.1E−02 31.28 0.153 7.1E−01 9.70 Control 0.020 0.121 0.140 NUE212 8335.2 0.049 1.5E−02 48.76 0.314 5.6E−01 12.68 Control 0.033 0.278 0.291 NUE212 8332.2 0.046 8.1E−01 3.53 0.656 4.5E−02 27.59 0.507 1.2E−01 19.17 Control 0.044 0.514 0.426 NUE212 8332.1 0.039 5.5E−02 26.08 NUE212 8334.1 0.044 5.7E−03 41.96 0.316 6.2E−01 8.13 0.361 2.1E−01 20.73 NUE212 8331.4 0.041 3.2E−02 31.53 0.307 8.8E−01 2.62 Control 0.031 0.292 0.299 NUE222 8851.3 0.046 6.7E−02 41.29 0.365 2.2E−01 31.13 0.291 1.0E+00 −0.102 Control 0.033 0.278 0.291 NUE223 9613.1 0.659 3.7E−02 36.07 0.449 9.4E−02 19.43 Control 0.068 0.484 0.376 NUE224 9002.2 0.052 5.5E−02 23.49 NUE224 9001.3 0.055 2.7E−02 30.04 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE224 9001.3 0.046 3.2E−02 28.75 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE227 9851.2 0.058 2.8E−02 35.17 NUE227 9853.1 0.064 3.6E−03 49.89 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE228 10093 0.078 2.9E−02 39.70 0.355 3.25 0.328 16.65 NUE228 10093 0.067 2.1E−01 20.98 0.301 7.24 Control 0.056 0.344 0.281 NUE229 8864.2 0.045 3.9E−02 26.44 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE230 9154.2 0.057 2.1E−02 35.25 0.461 3.61 NUE230 9151.2 0.055 1.7E−02 29.70 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE230 9152.4 0.047 1.7E−01 29.87 0.378 7.6E−02 35.74 0.328 7.2E−01 3.71 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE233 10174 0.051 4.1E−06 93.04 0.340 1.4E−02 54.67 0.311 1.7E−01 31.25 NUE233 10174 0.069 5.1E−11 160.30 0.624 8.1E−09 183.57 0.399 7.2E−03 68.42 NUE233 10174 0.030 3.6E−01 13.97 0.314 4.1E−02 42.81 0.344 5.6E−02 45.20 NUE233 10173 0.032 1.9E−01 19.26 0.342 9.3E−03 55.25 0.324 1.1E−01 36.68 NUE233 10174 0.039 1.1E−02 45.92 0.299 1.2E−01 35.80 0.262 6.4E−01 10.75 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE233 10174 0.053 7.8E−01 4.51 0.451 3.0E−01 17.53 0.381 5.1E−02 32.89 NUE233 10174 0.538 2.8E−02 40.15 0.407 1.2E−02 41.78 Control 0.051 0.384 0.287 NUE234 9163.5 0.044 9.7E−02 22.24 NUE234 9162.1 0.048 2.8E−02 32.38 0.381 7.4E−02 36.73 0.330 7.6E−01 4.39 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE235 9694.2 0.054 3.7E−02 27.26 0.475 6.0E−01 6.64 NUE235 9691.1 0.055 6.9E−02 31.10 0.454 8.9E−01 1.90 0.382 7.4E−01 3.28 NUE235 9693.3 0.054 5.5E−02 28.28 NUE235 9694.3 0.062 1.0E−03 46.88 0.583 1.9E−02 30.90 0.470 1.2E−02 27.17 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE237 9651.1 0.073 7.6E−06 74.28 0.508 2.1E−01 14.12 NUE237 9654.4 0.057 5.2E−03 36.61 0.553 2.5E−02 24.26 0.384 7.1E−01 3.83 NUE237 9654.1 0.065 8.0E−03 53.61 0.680 5.8E−03 52.84 0.445 9.4E−02 20.30 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE237 9651.1 0.047 4.6E−02 31.99 0.331 9.7E−01 0.99 NUE237 9654.1 0.056 6.7E−03 58.85 0.493 9.9E−02 50.53 0.363 5.2E−01 13.15 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE241 9631.3 0.066 4.8E−04 52.60 0.452 5.0E−02 29.57 0.395 3.6E−01 9.92 NUE241 9632.5 0.066 9.6E−03 52.36 0.733 8.9E−08 110.05 0.490 2.0E−03 36.33 NUE241 9632.3 0.060 4.8E−02 39.27 0.494 5.1E−02 41.65 0.377 7.3E−01 4.72 NUE241 9632.4 0.060 5.7E−03 38.59 0.428 1.8E−01 22.84 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE242 9214.1 0.074 7.4E−02 25.97 0.460 8.2E−01 4.07 0.380 3.8E−01 13.95 NUE242 9213.4 0.068 2.6E−01 16.65 0.588 8.2E−02 32.97 0.428 7.7E−02 28.57 Control 0.059 0.442 0.333 NUE242 9212.1 0.050 4.6E−02 43.13 0.374 8.2E−01 2.93 NUE242 9214.1 0.052 4.5E−02 47.68 NUE242 9213.4 0.050 3.3E−02 41.82 0.504 1.6E−02 38.74 0.409 1.8E−01 20.10 Control 0.035 0.363 0.341 NUE244 9061.5 0.049 2.2E−03 35.40 0.347 1.9E−01 24.39 0.324 8.4E−01 2.40 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE245 10642 0.080 7.9E−02 33.89 0.622 2.6E−02 60.99 0.397 2.9E−02 26.31 Control 0.060 0.387 0.315 NUE246 9033.8 0.462 7.1E−02 30.62 0.400 2.0E−01 18.15 Control 0.049 0.354 0.339 NUE246 9033.6 0.053 5.9E−01 8.27 NUE246 9033.4 0.053 5.4E−01 8.70 0.546 1.5E−01 30.07 0.410 2.1E−01 14.19 NUE246 9033.8 0.075 3.8E−03 52.67 0.658 9.3E−03 56.72 0.436 4.3E−02 21.22 NUE246 9034.1 0.060 1.3E−01 22.21 NUE246 9031.1 0.057 2.3E−01 16.59 0.505 2.9E−01 20.28 0.424 6.6E−02 17.89 Control 0.049 0.420 0.359 NUE248 8981.5 0.085 3.9E−03 63.02 0.638 5.3E−01 11.57 Control 0.052 0.572 0.423 NUE250 9132.1 0.078 1.3E−03 86.50 0.604 7.4E−02 35.67 0.386 4.46 NUE250 9132.2 0.054 4.2E−02 28.86 NUE250 9134.1 0.051 1.3E−01 21.34 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE250 9134.1 0.043 6.6E−02 19.98 0.329 3.0E−01 17.87 Control 0.036 0.279 0.316 NUE251 10181 0.059 5.5E−06 122.34 0.396 9.1E−04 80.08 0.349 5.2E−02 47.21 NUE251 10183 0.048 2.3E−04 80.31 0.369 5.8E−03 67.70 0.343 5.7E−02 44.89 NUE251 10183 0.042 2.5E−03 58.23 0.366 9.1E−03 66.32 0.377 1.9E−02 59.19 NUE251 10181 0.039 5.8E−03 48.78 0.249 5.2E−01 13.16 0.240 9.5E−01 1.48 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE251 10181 0.063 1.5E−01 23.79 0.582 8.9E−03 51.43 0.381 3.8E−02 32.80 Control 0.051 0.384 0.287 NUE251 10183 0.072 9.1E−02 19.27 0.324 6.6E−01 3.02 Control 0.060 0.387 0.315 NUE256 10063 0.050 7.6E−06 89.88 0.520 1.9E−05 136.35 0.410 6.7E−03 72.97 NUE256 10064 0.076 2.0E−11 188.66 0.442 5.9E−05 100.99 0.356 3.4E−02 50.21 NUE256 10061 0.056 5.0E−08 110.73 0.450 1.2E−05 104.36 0.330 8.2E−02 39.37 NUE256 10062 0.054 2.3E−06 103.99 0.327 7.9E−02 48.64 0.272 5.3E−01 14.99 NUE256 10063 0.051 9.1E−06 93.42 0.424 2.3E−03 92.64 0.335 1.0E−01 41.59 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE268 8996.5 0.072 7.2E−03 43.95 0.388 7.2E−01 3.95 Control 0.050 0.463 0.374 NUE512 9284.2 0.052 3.6E−03 48.09 0.369 3.4E−01 18.49 0.372 9.7E−02 22.41 NUE512 9282.3 0.073 4.5E−09 108.17 0.514 2.9E−03 64.80 0.403 2.2E−02 32.41 NUE512 9284.4 0.041 1.5E−01 18.26 0.450 2.2E−02 44.50 0.390 5.3E−02 28.25 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE513 9683.5 0.511 5.7E−02 20.91 Control 0.052 0.572 0.423 NUE513 9683.5 0.521 24.10 0.512 1.8E−05 42.60 Control 0.049 0.420 0.359 NUE514 9404.1 0.082 7.9E−07 133.82 0.426 2.2E−01 17.18 0.377 4.6E−01 10.68 NUE514 9402.2 0.044 1.7E−01 26.64 0.389 6.0E−01 7.20 0.356 7.5E−01 4.44 NUE514 9403.2 0.046 1.3E−01 31.04 0.776 1.9E−07 113.56 0.565 8.5E−05 65.81 Control 0.035 0.363 0.341 NUE516 9291.1 0.054 4.3E−02 28.22 0.577 4.3E−02 29.59 0.407 3.9E−01 10.04 NUE516 9291.4 0.064 8.4E−05 52.81 0.531 7.4E−02 19.37 0.392 5.9E−01 6.00 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE520 9771.4 0.049 5.8E−05 87.02 0.408 2.7E−03 85.53 0.370 1.7E−02 56.27 NUE520 9771.7 0.050 6.3E−05 88.34 0.404 5.1E−03 83.74 0.372 2.1E−02 57.16 NUE520 9771.2 0.042 8.9E−04 59.66 0.491 4.1E−05 122.92 0.330 1.1E−01 39.23 NUE520 9772.1 0.462 5.2E−04 109.90 0.301 2.6E−01 27.23 NUE520 9771.3 0.035 3.8E−02 32.37 0.454 1.3E−04 106.42 0.346 5.1E−02 46.13 NUE520 9773.1 0.023 4.8E−01 −14.07 0.369 7.7E−02 67.68 0.329 2.3E−01 38.86 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE520 9771.4 0.360 7.9E−01 4.93 0.352 6.6E−02 25.41 NUE520 9771.7 0.434 1.9E−01 26.37 0.377 2.5E−02 34.19 Control 0.056 0.344 0.281 NUE521 9362.2 0.051 4.7E−02 29.12 0.430 6.6E−01 9.02 0.375 6.4E−01 6.57 NUE521 9363.4 0.073 5.8E−05 84.97 0.407 8.4E−01 3.33 0.349 9.6E−01 −0.67 Control 0.040 0.394 0.351 NUE521 9361.2 0.051 3.9E−02 44.60 0.370 8.9E−01 1.86 0.349 8.6E−01 2.50 NUE521 9363.4 0.059 3.0E−03 69.25 0.313 3.7E−01 Control 0.035 0.363 0.341 NUE523 9412.1 0.070 2.7E−02 35.53 Control 0.052 0.572 0.423 NUE523 9413.3 0.059 3.1E−02 49.30 0.466 4.2E−01 18.10 0.406 3.4E−01 15.59 NUE523 9414.2 0.052 1.4E−01 30.19 0.516 8.7E−02 30.82 0.471 3.2E−02 34.02 Control 0.040 0.394 0.351 NUE523 9412.5 0.053 1.6E−02 51.59 0.522 3.6E−03 43.78 0.392 2.8E−01 15.04 NUE523 9414.2 0.046 8.0E−02 32.35 0.523 4.2E−03 43.92 0.394 2.6E−01 15.82 Control 0.035 0.363 0.341 NUE527 9202.6 0.046 1.5E−01 22.86 0.375 2.0E−01 25.97 0.374 2.8E−02 46.88 Control 0.038 0.297 0.254 NUE531 10083 0.078 2.7E−02 40.47 0.305 5.6E−01 8.47 NUE531 10081 0.090 3.8E−03 62.13 0.535 7.9E−03 55.85 0.359 5.6E−02 27.85 NUE531 10082 0.086 1.2E−02 55.40 0.554 1.3E−02 61.37 0.398 1.2E−02 41.80 Control 0.056 0.344 0.281 NUE531 10081 0.080 2.5E−02 32.77 0.578 49.54 0.386 22.62 NUE531 10082 0.078 2.4E−02 30.60 0.581 1.5E−02 50.29 0.410 7.9E−04 30.44 Control 0.060 0.387 0.315 NUE535 9084.2 0.043 1.2E−03 62.38 0.345 2.6E−02 56.73 0.277 4.6E−01 17.08 NUE535 9083.1 0.082 3.3E−09 211.11 0.388 5.6E−03 76.23 0.325 1.2E−01 37.19 NUE535 9084.4 0.042 4.8E−04 59.66 0.246 5.8E−01 11.82 0.306 2.2E−01 29.02 NUE535 9082.1 0.039 2.9E−02 46.36 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE537 9391.1 0.053 4.2E−03 51.98 0.444 6.2E−02 42.62 0.388 5.6E−02 27.48 NUE537 9394.4 0.046 3.2E−02 31.60 NUE537 9391.2 0.056 2.6E−04 60.43 0.385 2.0E−01 23.46 0.365 1.4E−01 19.94 NUE537 9393.3 0.073 8.5E−07 109.66 0.481 1.3E−02 54.18 0.366 1.3E−01 20.35 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE538 9782.1 0.071 1.0E−03 64.80 0.474 2.4E−02 36.00 0.424 1.3E−01 17.89 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE538 9781.4 0.048 3.3E−01 15.40 0.405 5.9E−02 41.28 0.398 2.8E−02 31.83 NUE538 9783.4 0.046 5.4E−01 9.73 0.414 9.5E−03 44.32 0.390 2.5E−02 29.10 Control 0.042 0.287 0.302 NUE539 10102 0.049 1.1E−03 83.56 0.307 1.3E−01 39.36 0.311 2.0E−01 31.26 NUE539 10104 0.045 3.9E−04 69.52 0.317 6.6E−02 43.97 0.299 2.4E−01 26.34 NUE539 10101 0.061 3.2E−08 129.48 0.266 3.2E−01 20.90 0.293 3.0E−01 23.62 NUE539 10102 0.061 1.1E−06 132.28 0.410 5.3E−04 86.11 0.375 1.5E−02 58.30 Control 0.026 0.220 0.237 NUE539 10102 0.366 8.7E−02 27.65 NUE539 10102 0.371 1.0E−01 29.42 Control 0.051 0.384 0.287 NUE542 9333.2 0.053 2.2E−04 50.87 0.445 3.5E−02 42.68 0.400 1.7E−02 31.61 NUE542 9331.3 0.045 6.9E−02 27.12 0.450 6.4E−02 44.47 0.397 8.1E−02 30.56 NUE542 9332.1 0.041 2.4E−01 16.04 0.414 8.3E−02 32.84 0.347 2.8E−01 14.05 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE543 10052 0.060 2.7E−02 39.61 0.505 8.0E−03 44.88 0.420 1.4E−01 16.75 NUE543 10052 0.058 1.6E−02 33.92 0.399 3.4E−01 14.30 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE543 10051 0.056 9.8E−01 0.47 0.509 2.1E−02 48.29 0.356 7.1E−02 26.63 NUE543 10051 0.077 4.3E−02 39.35 0.452 1.5E−01 31.70 0.385 3.3E−02 36.96 Control 0.056 0.344 0.281 NUE544 9763.3 0.060 2.7E−02 35.77 0.602 2.4E−01 17.04 Control 0.044 0.514 0.426 NUE544 9764.1 0.047 3.4E−01 11.45 0.367 7.3E−02 27.87 0.350 1.9E−01 15.92 NUE544 9763.3 0.046 4.0E−01 9.93 0.358 1.0E−01 24.63 0.378 4.9E−02 24.94 Control 0.042 0.287 0.302 NUE548 9091.3 0.058 9.7E−01 −0.55 0.489 5.6E−01 10.49 0.423 9.0E−02 26.90 NUE548 9091.1 0.076 3.2E−02 29.54 0.578 1.1E−01 30.72 0.419 1.0E−01 25.87 NUE548 9092.2 0.063 6.6E−01 6.64 0.686 2.4E−02 55.14 0.486 2.4E−02 45.86 Control 0.059 0.442 0.333 NUE549 9343.7 0.055 5.8E−03 53.63 0.362 7.2E−01 10.47 NUE549 9342.3 0.045 6.6E−02 26.67 0.330 9.7E−01 0.73 0.370 3.2E−01 15.10 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE550 9143.1 0.061 6.0E−02 36.03 Control 0.045 0.416 0.368 NUE550 9141.3 0.061 1.1E−01 21.68 0.651 1.3E−02 40.71 0.451 8.2E−02 20.82 NUE550 9142.2 0.066 1.5E−02 31.25 Control 0.050 0.463 0.374 NUE560 9424.3 0.052 1.6E−02 31.56 0.374 6.54 NUE560 9422.1 0.058 5.3E−04 46.65 Control 0.040 0.351 NUE562 9252.8 0.055 4.1E−02 38.43 Control 0.040 NUE564 9243.2 0.049 8.7E−03 38.96 0.477 2.0E−02 53.10 0.356 2.2E−01 17.03 NUE564 9242.2 0.060 7.6E−05 70.29 0.471 3.1E−02 51.25 0.452 8.2E−03 48.52 NUE564 9243.4 0.045 8.0E−02 27.01 0.356 4.3E−01 14.34 0.349 2.8E−01 14.73 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE567 9263.2 0.047 1.8E−02 34.46 Control 0.035 NUE568 9471.3 0.059 4.2E−05 65.16 0.458 8.3E−02 40.04 0.358 4.4E−01 11.62 NUE568 9461.3 0.062 1.5E−03 73.11 0.424 3.6E−01 29.62 0.347 6.9E−01 8.17 NUE568 9474.4 0.056 4.1E−03 57.42 0.353 7.6E−01 7.67 0.331 8.6E−01 3.00 NUE568 9472.2 0.071 3.5E−07 99.64 0.567 4.6E−03 73.13 0.364 4.0E−01 13.42 NUE568 9462.3 0.047 5.2E−02 32.21 0.478 5.4E−02 45.99 0.369 3.9E−01 14.82 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE569 9381.2 0.056 5.3E−03 36.52 0.391 9.1E−01 1.25 Control 0.041 0.386 0.353 NUE569 9381.1 0.053 8.1E−03 52.48 0.474 6.6E−02 52.21 0.342 4.9E−01 12.36 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE570 9314.1 0.049 1.8E−01 40.41 0.439 2.2E−01 40.98 0.420 7.2E−02 38.13 Control 0.041 0.386 0.353 NUE570 9311.4 0.047 3.3E−02 32.96 0.530 5.0E−03 70.17 0.456 7.3E−03 49.83 NUE570 9311.3 0.040 2.3E−01 15.28 0.426 7.1E−02 36.71 0.397 3.7E−02 30.73 NUE570 9314.4 0.035 9.4E−01 0.90 0.479 7.4E−03 53.70 0.368 1.1E−01 21.10 NUE570 9314.1 0.418 7.8E−02 34.04 0.374 1.0E−01 22.95 Control 0.035 0.312 0.304 NUE571 9304.2 0.078 3.4E−06 95.35 0.542 1.3E−01 37.40 0.420 2.1E−01 19.40 NUE571 9301.1 0.063 9.9E−03 59.31 0.576 2.9E−02 46.03 0.389 4.4E−01 10.81 NUE571 9303.2 0.053 1.1E−03 33.00 NUE571 9302.1 0.062 7.2E−06 56.48 NUE571 9302.3 0.054 2.1E−02 36.15 Control 0.040 0.394 0.351 NUE571 9304.3 0.055 6.8E−02 33.34 NUE571 9304.2 0.054 7.6E−02 32.37 NUE571 9303.2 0.050 1.0E−01 22.33 NUE571 9301.4 0.049 9.7E−02 19.07 Control 0.041 NUE572 9324.3 0.049 2.7E−02 24.30 0.410 8.0E−01 3.99 0.381 5.3E−01 8.40 Control 0.040 0.394 0.351 NUE573 9491.1 0.053 1.5E−03 49.67 0.457 7.9E−02 39.55 0.382 1.9E−01 19.03 NUE573 9491.4 0.050 8.7E−02 40.83 0.470 8.2E−02 43.44 0.400 1.9E−01 24.64 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE574 10366 0.063 8.1E−01 4.39 0.610 7.5E−03 57.68 0.473 6.5E−04 50.50 Control 0.060 0.387 0.315 NUE575 9502.1 0.052 7.9E−03 46.87 0.446 1.1E−01 36.36 0.343 6.5E−01 6.83 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE576 9792.4 0.050 2.2E−01 16.55 0.504 3.9E−03 44.47 0.390 4.7E−01 8.39 NUE576 9794.1 0.054 5.4E−02 26.15 0.357 8.7E−01 2.30 0.392 4.4E−01 9.02 NUE576 9793.3 0.065 1.8E−03 51.97 0.386 4.4E−01 10.78 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE578 9524.3 0.055 1.8E−04 54.47 0.374 5.1E−01 14.35 0.360 4.1E−01 12.25 NUE578 9524.1 0.050 2.5E−02 41.80 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE579 9701.3 0.051 8.7E−02 21.86 0.456 3.9E−03 58.84 0.377 8.8E−02 24.61 Control 0.042 0.287 0.302 NUE580 9551.4 0.040 4.3E−01 13.32 0.479 9.3E−02 46.41 0.361 4.2E−01 12.46 NUE580 9554.4 0.049 1.2E−02 36.68 0.462 7.3E−02 41.18 0.382 2.3E−01 18.93 Control 0.036 0.327 0.321 NUE582 9562.4 0.059 3.4E−03 40.45 0.591 8.2E−03 32.70 0.414 1.9E−01 12.08 NUE582 9561.2 0.061 4.1E−03 45.60 Control 0.042 0.445 0.370 NUE583 9671.1 0.057 1.3E−01 32.70 0.499 2.2E−02 43.12 0.401 4.5E−01 11.60 Control 0.043 0.349 0.360 NUE583 9673.4 0.106 1.1E−05 77.51 0.663 2.0E−04 71.43 0.416 4.2E−05 32.10 NUE583 9673.2 0.077 4.3E−02 28.35 0.533 5.6E−02 37.79 0.331 5.4E−01 5.30 Control 0.060 0.387 0.315 NUE586 9751.7 0.067 5.9E−03 49.93 0.548 6.5E−01 6.47 NUE586 9752.1 0.066 4.3E−03 47.72 0.855 4.1E−05 66.23 0.563 1.2E−02 32.27 Control 0.044 0.514 0.426 NUE586 9751.1 0.052 8.3E−02 24.79 0.379 9.5E−02 32.19 0.393 3.6E−02 30.10 NUE586 9751.7 0.067 7.5E−03 60.10 0.529 1.7E−03 84.40 0.452 1.5E−03 49.64 NUE586 9752.2 0.394 1.4E−02 37.21 0.390 2.6E−02 29.02 NUE586 9752.1 0.055 5.8E−02 32.53 0.472 1.9E−02 64.61 0.400 4.5E−02 32.28 Control 0.042 0.287 0.302 NUE587 9643.2 0.083 2.5E−06 97.54 0.439 3.8E−03 52.93 0.314 7.6E−01 4.01 Control 0.042 0.287 0.302 NUE593 10394 0.074 1.4E−01 33.10 0.465 9.0E−02 35.46 0.368 6.3E−02 31.07 Control 0.056 0.344 0.281 Table 32: Analyses of plant growth rate (leaf area, root coverage and root length) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions [normal or regular growth conditions (15 mM N)]as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate; “Ave.” = average.

Example 6 Assay 2: Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Yield and Plant Growth Rate at Limited and Optimal Nitrogen Concentration Under Greenhouse Conditions

This assay follows the seed yield production, biomass formation and rosette area growth of plants grown in the greenhouse at nitrogen deficient of nitrogen standard fertilization conditions. Seeds were sown in agar media supplemented with ½ MS medium and a selection agent (Kanamycin). The T₂ transgenic seedlings were then transplanted to 1.7 trays filled with peat and perlite. The trays were irrigated with a solution containing constant nitrogen limiting conditions, which were achieved by irrigating the plants with a solution containing 1.5 mM inorganic nitrogen in the form of KNO₃, supplemented with 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements, while normal nitrogen levels were achieved by applying a solution of 6 mM inorganic nitrogen also in the form of KNO₃ with 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements. All plants were grown in the greenhouse until mature seeds. Seeds were harvested separately to the above ground tissue, extracted and weight. Plant biomass (the above ground tissue) was also collected and dried for 1 week at 30° C.

Each construct was validated at its T₂ generation. Transgenic plants transformed with a construct conform by an empty vector carrying the 35S promoter and the selectable marker were used as controls.

The plants were analyzed for their overall size, growth rate, seed yield, 1,000-seed weight, dry matter and harvest index (HI—seed yield/dry matter). Transgenic plants performance was compared to control plants grown in parallel under the same conditions.

The experiment was planned in nested randomized plot distribution. For each gene of the invention three to five independent transformation events were analyzed from each construct.

Digital Imaging

A laboratory image acquisition system, which consists of a digital reflex camera (Canon EOS 300D) attached with a 55 mm focal length lens (Canon EF-S series), mounted on a reproduction device (Kaiser RS), which includes 4 light units (4×150 Watts light bulb) was used for capturing images of plant samples.

The image capturing process was repeated every 2 days starting from day 1 after transplanting till day 15. Same camera, placed in a custom made iron mount, was used for capturing images of larger plants sawn in white tubs in an environmental controlled greenhouse. During the capture process, the trays were placed beneath the iron mount, while avoiding direct sun light and casting of shadows.

An image analysis system was used, which consists of a personal desktop computer (Intel P4 3.0 GHz processor) and a public domain program—ImageJ 1.39 [Java based image processing program which was developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and freely available on the internet at Hypertext Transfer Protocol://rsbweb (dot) nih (dot) gov/]. Images were captured in resolution of 10 Mega Pixels (3888×2592 pixels) and stored in a low compression JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group standard) format. Next, analyzed data was saved to text files and processed using the JMP statistical analysis software (SAS institute).

Leaf Growth Analysis

Using the digital analysis leaves data was calculated, including leaf number, rosette area, rosette diameter, leaf blade area, plot coverage, leaf petiole length.

Vegetative growth rate: is the rate of growth of the plant as defined by formulas VIII, IX, X and XI Relative growth rate of leaf blade area=Regression coefficient of leaf area along time course.  Formula VIII: Relative growth rate of rosette area=Regression coefficient of rosette area along time course.  Formula IX: Relative growth rate of rosette diameter=Regression coefficient of rosette diameter along time course.  Formula X Relative growth rate of plot coverage=Regression coefficient of plot coverage along time course.  Formula XI

Seeds Average Weight (Seed Weight or 1000 Seed Weight)

At the end of the experiment all seeds were collected. The seeds were scattered on a glass tray and a picture was taken. Using the digital analysis, the number of seeds in each sample was calculated.

Plant Dry Weight and Seed Yield

On about day 80 from sowing, the plants were harvested and left to dry at 30° C. in a drying chamber. The biomass and seed weight of each plot were measured and divided by the number of plants in each plot.

Dry weight=total weight of the vegetative portion above ground (excluding roots) after drying at 30° C. in a drying chamber;

Seed yield per plant=total seed weight per plant (grams).

The Harvest Index can be calculated using Formula III (as described above; Harvest Index=Average seed yield per plant/Average dry weight).

Statistical Analyses

To identify genes conferring significantly improved nitrogen use efficiency and yield production, the results obtained from the transgenic plants were compared to those obtained from control plants. To identify outperforming genes and constructs, results from the independent transformation events tested were analyzed separately. Data was analyzed using Student's t-test and results were considered significant if the p value was less than 0.1. The JMP statistics software package was used (Version 5.2.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA).

Experiment Results:

The genes presented in Tables 33, 34 and 35, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE when grown at limiting nitrogen concentration levels. These genes produced higher seed yield, harvest index, seed weight (expressed as 1000-seed weight) and plant biomass [(as expressed as plant dry weight (DW)] when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control.

Tables 33, 34 and 35 depict analyses of seed yield, harvest index, seed size (expressed as 1000-seed weight) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 33 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved seed yield and weight (expressed as 1000- seed weight) under nitrogen deficient growth conditions. Seed Yield Seeds Weight Gene p- % Gene p- % Name Event # Ave. value incr. Name Event # Ave. value incr. NUE241 9631.6 0.169 1.3E−01 12.60 NUE241 9632.3 0.020 2.5E−01 2.46 NUE241 9631.4 0.150 9.7E−01 0.40 NUE241 9631.4 0.020 6.4E−01 1.96 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE248 8982.3 0.144 3.6E−01 7.27 NUE248 8982.4 0.023 4.1E−03 14.08 Control 0.135 NUE248 8982.3 0.021 4.3E−01 4.59 NUE525 9534.1 0.161 6.7E−01 7.33 NUE248 8981.1 0.021 7.2E−01 7.54 NUE525 9531.3 0.169 5.6E−01 12.83 NUE248 8983.1 0.021 7.3E−01 5.14 NUE525 9533.4 0.162 7.0E−01 8.26 Control 0.020 NUE525 9531.1 0.166 1.0E−01 10.90 NUE255 9431.4 0.021 1.0E−01 4.57 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE536 9234.1 0.157 6.1E−01 16.81 NUE525 9533.1 0.022 2.1E−01 10.94 Control 0.135 NUE525 9531.3 0.020 7.6E−01 2.55 NUE545 9482.4 0.184 1.7E−04 22.72 Control 0.020 Control 0.150 NUE536 9234.1 0.020 6.0E−01 3.02 NUE565 9443.4 0.204 1.8E−01 36.33 NUE536 9231.3 0.021 5.3E−01 4.99 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE566 9514.3 0.163 1.6E−01 9.08 NUE545 9482.4 0.020 7.1E−01 1.36 NUE566 9514.1 0.172 7.0E−01 15.02 Control 0.020 Control 0.150 NUE549 9343.6 0.023 2.7E−01 14.91 NUE568 9471.3 0.160 1.8E−01 6.55 NUE549 9342.3 0.021 5.1E−01 3.66 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE573 9493.4 0.172 3.8E−01 14.54 NUE560 9424.1 0.023 1.3E−04 18.35 NUE573 9491.2 0.181 3.3E−04 20.87 NUE560 9424.3 0.021 8.0E−02 4.76 NUE573 9492.2 0.155 8.9E−01 3.21 NUE560 9422.1 0.020 3.1E−01 3.38 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE578 9524.1 0.147 9.3E−01 −1.70 NUE568 9461.2 0.024 1.3E−05 21.77 Control 0.150 Control 0.020 NUE580 9552.3 0.180 1.9E−01 19.99 NUE573 9491.2 0.023 1.1E−01 14.40 Control 0.150 NUE573 9492.2 0.021 3.6E−02 5.14 NUE585 9661.1 0.150 1.8E−01 11.29 Control 0.020 Control 0.135 NUE578 9524.1 0.022 8.2E−04 10.87 Control 0.020 NUE580 9551.3 0.025 7.2E−02 24.52 NUE580 9554.4 0.023 9.7E−02 14.78 Control 0.020 NUE585 9662.4 0.021 7.5E−02 6.26 NUE585 9661.1 0.022 5.2E−03 9.36 Control 0.020 Table 33: Analyses of seed yield and weight of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM K₂SO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “Ave.” = average.

TABLE 34 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved harvest index under nitrogen deficient growth conditions. Harvest Index Gene Name Event # Average p-value % increment NUE525 9534.1 0.321 1.9E−01 6.99 NUE525 9533.1 0.319 7.0E−01 6.25 NUE525 9533.4 0.322 4.8E−01 7.18 NUE525 9531.1 0.356 3.5E−02 18.72 Control 0.300 NUE536 9234.1 0.344 6.9E−02 20.95 NUE536 9231.3 0.298 3.7E−01 4.68 Control 0.285 NUE545 9482.4 0.328 2.0E−01 9.31 Control 0.300 NUE549 9341.1 0.337 2.9E−02 12.21 NUE549 9342.3 0.322 6.8E−01 7.19 Control 0.300 NUE560 9424.3 0.316 9.5E−02 10.86 NUE560 9422.1 0.318 8.2E−02 11.60 Control 0.285 NUE565 9443.4 0.335 3.9E−01 11.59 Control 0.300 NUE566 9514.1 0.351 5.8E−01 17.05 Control 0.300 Table 34: Analyses of harvest index of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

TABLE 35 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved dry weight under nitrogen deficient growth conditions Dry Weight Gene Name Event # Average p-value % increment NUE241 9631.6 0.569 5.2E−01 11.66 NUE241 9632.3 0.613 8.0E−02 20.25 Control 0.509 NUE248 8982.3 0.534 2.9E−01 13.35 Control 0.471 NUE525 9531.3 0.600 4.3E−01 17.79 Control 0.509 NUE545 9482.4 0.561 2.9E−01 10.18 Control 0.509 NUE549 9342.2 0.541 7.3E−01 6.13 Control 0.509 NUE565 9444.1 0.589 6.5E−01 15.71 NUE565 9443.4 0.609 3.4E−02 19.63 Control 0.509 NUE566 9514.3 0.637 5.2E−01 24.96 Control 0.509 NUE568 9471.3 0.515 8.9E−01 1.10 NUE568 9462.3 0.639 1.4E−02 25.52 Control 0.509 NUE573 9493.4 0.581 2.9E−01 14.15 NUE573 9491.2 0.613 3.4E−02 20.37 NUE573 9492.2 0.683 4.2E−02 33.99 Control 0.509 NUE580 9552.3 0.561 10.18 NUE580 9551.3 0.634 2.4E−01 24.42 NUE580 9554.4 0.526 7.0E−01 3.31 Control 0.509 NUE585 9661.1 0.519 4.6E−01 10.30 Control 0.471 Table 35: Analyses of dry weight of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Tables 36 and 37, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE since they produced higher seed yield, harvest index, seed weight (expressed as 1000-seed weight) and plant biomass [(as expressed as plant dry weight (DW)] when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants indicating the high ability of the plant to better metabolize the nitrogen present in the medium.

Tables 36 and 37 depict analyses of dry weight, seed yield, harvest index, seed size (expressed as 1000-seed weight) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 36 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (dry weight) and seed yield under standard nitrogen conditions Dry Weight Seed Yield Gene P- % Gene P- % Name Event # Ave. Value incr. Name Event # Ave. Value incr. NUE255 9431.4 1.394 5.6E−01 14.344 NUE234 9162.5 0.523 1.0E−01 16.207 NUE255 9432.1 1.499 5.9E−02 22.894 Control 0.450 NUE255 9433.1 1.409 1.0E−01 15.530 NUE241 9631.4 0.364 3.0E−01 −12.185 Control 1.219 Control 0.414 NUE525 9531.1 1.635 6.1E−03 34.085 NUE255 9431.4 0.436 7.4E−01 5.346 Control 1.219 NUE255 9432.1 0.483 3.5E−01 16.593 NUE545 9484.2 1.246 7.0E−01 2.204 NUE255 9433.1 0.444 1.0E−01 7.100 NUE545 9481.3 1.631 3.4E−04 33.726 Control 0.414 Control 1.219 NUE525 9534.1 0.486 2.6E−03 17.328 NUE549 9341.1 1.381 6.7E−02 13.275 NUE525 9531.1 0.504 4.0E−01 21.719 NUE549 9342.3 1.310 2.7E−01 7.432 Control 0.414 Control 1.219 NUE549 9341.1 0.447 6.4E−01 8.031 NUE563 9451.1 1.303 5.6E−01 6.868 Control 0.414 NUE563 9452.3 1.473 1.6E−02 20.788 NUE563 9451.1 0.419 8.6E−01 1.237 Control 1.219 NUE563 9452.3 0.454 6.5E−01 9.572 NUE565 9443.2 1.348 9.3E−02 10.507 Control 0.414 NUE565 9444.3 1.376 4.7E−01 12.814 NUE566 9512.4 0.458 1.8E−01 10.657 Control 1.219 Control 0.414 NUE566 9512.4 1.471 5.8E−03 20.605 NUE568 9464.2 0.429 8.6E−01 3.674 Control 1.219 NUE568 9462.3 0.423 7.7E−01 2.233 NUE568 9461.2 1.571 8.6E−04 28.806 Control 0.414 NUE568 9464.2 1.366 4.9E−01 11.994 NUE573 9491.4 0.455 5.1E−01 9.769 NUE568 9462.3 1.288 3.8E−01 5.638 NUE573 9492.1 0.486 4.5E−01 17.465 Control 1.219 NUE573 9493.4 0.449 7.5E−01 8.482 NUE573 9491.4 1.249 8.9E−01 2.460 Control 0.414 NUE573 9492.1 1.668 1.3E−01 36.802 NUE582 9561.2 0.452 4.7E−01 9.239 NUE573 9493.4 1.478 7.2E−02 21.213 Control 0.414 NUE573 9491.2 1.407 1.0E−01 15.377 Control 1.219 Table 36: Analyses of plant biomass (dry weight) and see yield of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate; “Ave.” = average.

TABLE 37 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved harvest index and seed weight under standard nitrogen conditions Harvest Index Seed Weight Gene P- % Gene P- % Name Event # Ave. Value incr. Name Event # Ave. Value incr. NUE234 9162.5 0.368 3.7E−02 15.734 NUE241 9631.4 0.022 3.3E−02 6.274 Control 0.318 Control 0.021 NUE525 9534.1 0.477 4.5E−01 38.546 NUE255 9432.1 0.023 2.5E−02 11.793 Control 0.344 NUE255 9433.1 0.021 6.6E−02 4.087 NUE573 9491.4 0.366 3.7E−01 6.179 Control 0.021 Control 0.344 NUE525 9534.1 0.021 1.0E+00 0.008 NUE582 9561.2 0.466 2.2E−01 35.384 NUE525 9531.1 0.025 3.6E−01 22.277 Control 0.344 Control 0.021 NUE545 9481.3 0.024 3.0E−01 17.664 Control 0.021 NUE549 9341.1 0.022 5.8E−01 9.152 NUE549 9342.3 0.023 5.6E−01 11.416 Control 0.021 NUE563 9451.1 0.023 1.1E−01 10.668 NUE563 9452.3 0.022 3.5E−01 5.095 Control 0.021 NUE565 9443.2 0.024 2.0E−01 15.540 NUE565 9444.3 0.021 9.1E−01 1.159 Control 0.021 NUE566 9512.4 0.022 8.6E−02 5.164 Control 0.021 NUE568 9461.2 0.024 3.0E−01 19.048 NUE568 9464.2 0.022 6.1E−01 8.243 NUE568 9462.3 0.023 6.1E−04 10.961 Control 0.021 NUE573 9491.4 0.021 7.1E−01 1.229 NUE573 9492.1 0.021 1.8E−01 3.164 NUE573 9493.4 0.022 1.9E−01 8.883 NUE573 9491.2 0.023 4.0E−01 14.335 Control 0.021 NUE582 9561.2 0.024 1.6E−03 15.172 Control 0.021 Table 37: Analyses of harvest index and seed weight of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “RGR” = relative growth rate; “Ave.” = average.

Improvement of rosette area as well as rosette growth rate supports the fact that plants can produce larger plant biomass by better exploiting the nitrogen available in the soil. In addition a production of a larger number of leaves as well as a higher plot coverage when grown at low nitrogen conditions indicate a larger photosynthetic capacity of the plant when grown at different nitrogen growth conditions

The genes presented in Tables 38 and 39, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE and produced larger plant biomass when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. In addition a production of a larger number of leaves as well as a higher plot coverage when grown at low nitrogen conditions indicate a larger photosynthetic capacity of the plant when grown at low nitrogen growth conditions

Tables 38 and 39 depict analyses of rosette area and leaf number (rosette diameter, rosette area, leaf number, leaf blade area and plot coverage) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 38 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved rosette growth performance (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) under nitrogen deficient conditions Rosette Diameter [cm] Rosette Area [cm²] Plot Coverage [%] Gene p- % p- % p- % Name Event # Ave. value incr. Ave. value incr. Ave. value incr. NUE234 9163.4 2.26 1.6E−01 8.49 1.634 2.7E−01 7.24 13.07 2.7E−01 7.24 Control 2.08 1.523 12.19 NUE241 9632.3 1.72 4.1E−01 20.77 1.008 5.3E−01 42.18 8.06 5.3E−01 42.18 NUE241 9631.4 1.57 6.4E−02 10.20 0.886 1.7E−03 24.97 7.09 1.7E−03 24.97 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE249 9122.2 2.20 2.3E−01 5.86 1.696 2.6E−01 11.33 13.57 2.6E−01 11.33 Control 2.08 1.523 12.19 NUE525 9534.1 1.84 9.3E−02 29.75 1.255 6.6E−02 77.06 9.45 1.9E−01 66.71 NUE525 9531.2 1.83 2.1E−02 29.02 1.191 8.3E−02 68.09 8.98 2.2E−01 58.33 NUE525 9533.1 1.74 7.1E−02 22.38 1.060 1.4E−01 49.54 8.48 1.4E−01 49.54 NUE525 9531.3 1.58 4.3E−01 11.39 0.884 5.3E−01 24.70 7.07 5.3E−01 24.70 NUE525 9533.4 1.71 1.5E−03 20.13 1.048 1.5E−04 47.84 8.38 1.5E−04 47.84 NUE525 9531.1 1.62 8.0E−02 13.70 1.025 2.8E−02 44.64 8.20 2.8E−02 44.64 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE536 9234.1 2.29 2.1E−02 9.74 1.734 3.2E−01 13.79 13.87 3.2E−01 13.79 Control 2.08 1.523 12.19 NUE545 9484.2 1.97 1.5E−07 38.83 1.311 4.1E−08 84.91 10.49 4.1E−08 84.91 NUE545 9482.4 1.71 2.1E−01 19.99 0.999 2.1E−01 40.87 7.99 2.1E−01 40.87 NUE545 9481.3 1.79 4.6E−01 26.22 1.025 4.9E−01 44.66 8.20 4.9E−01 44.66 NUE545 9484.4 2.01 1.6E−07 41.45 1.265 2.1E−05 78.42 10.12 2.1E−05 78.42 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE549 9341.1 1.61 13.18 0.956 2.2E−01 34.91 7.65 2.2E−01 34.91 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE563 9454.1 1.61 1.6E−01 13.12 0.930 1.0E−01 31.25 7.44 1.0E−01 31.25 NUE563 9452.3 1.56 4.6E−01 10.02 0.828 5.7E−01 16.76 6.62 5.7E−01 16.76 NUE563 9453.4 1.72 1.7E−01 21.08 1.077 1.9E−01 51.96 8.62 1.9E−01 51.96 NUE563 9452.1 1.48 7.5E−02 4.31 0.720 8.4E−01 1.64 5.76 8.4E−01 1.64 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE565 9444.1 1.72 3.1E−01 20.73 0.889 2.7E−01 25.43 7.11 2.7E−01 25.43 NUE565 9442.4 1.63 8.5E−04 14.54 0.839 9.5E−02 18.42 6.72 9.5E−02 18.42 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE566 9514.3 1.75 2.1E−01 22.85 1.113 2.3E−01 56.97 8.27 1.2E−01 45.76 NUE566 9513.1 1.63 3.0E−01 14.74 0.915 2.3E−01 29.04 7.32 2.3E−01 29.04 NUE566 9512.4 1.58 5.0E−01 11.26 0.927 4.3E−01 30.79 7.42 4.3E−01 30.79 NUE566 9514.1 1.72 6.9E−02 21.08 1.061 2.3E−01 49.66 8.02 3.7E−01 41.52 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE568 9474.4 1.66 2.3E−01 16.75 0.937 2.9E−02 32.20 7.50 2.9E−02 32.20 NUE568 9461.2 1.79 2.1E−01 26.22 1.216 1.6E−01 71.50 9.72 1.6E−01 71.50 NUE568 9462.4 1.76 3.3E−01 23.46 1.072 2.7E−01 51.17 8.57 2.7E−01 51.17 NUE568 9462.3 1.69 5.8E−02 19.20 1.005 1.8E−01 41.72 8.04 1.8E−01 41.72 NUE568 9463.4 1.78 2.3E−01 25.46 1.018 3.6E−01 43.57 8.14 3.6E−01 43.57 NUE568 9473.3 1.52 3.4E−01 6.95 0.826 1.9E−01 16.55 6.61 1.9E−01 16.55 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE573 9491.4 1.72 2.1E−01 21.02 1.007 2.4E−01 42.03 8.05 2.4E−01 42.03 NUE573 9492.1 2.01 1.1E−05 41.63 1.404 4.1E−03 98.05 11.23 4.1E−03 98.05 NUE573 9493.4 1.77 4.9E−06 24.30 1.106 3.3E−04 56.00 8.31 1.5E−01 46.46 NUE573 9494.3 1.82 1.4E−06 27.69 1.177 6.2E−03 66.10 9.42 6.2E−03 66.10 NUE573 9491.2 1.79 1.2E−01 26.17 1.115 1.8E−01 57.32 8.92 1.8E−01 57.32 NUE573 9492.2 1.75 1.2E−01 22.83 1.016 1.5E−01 43.40 8.13 1.5E−01 43.40 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE575 9501.4 2.04 1.4E−02 43.55 1.338 8.7E−08 88.73 10.70 8.7E−08 88.73 NUE575 9504.1 1.93 1.8E−01 35.73 1.259 2.5E−01 77.60 10.07 2.5E−01 77.60 NUE575 9503.1 1.84 2.2E−01 29.22 1.282 2.0E−01 80.88 10.26 2.0E−01 80.88 NUE575 9502.1 1.73 2.7E−01 21.38 1.097 2.1E−01 54.82 8.78 2.1E−01 54.82 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE578 9524.3 1.92 6.1E−02 34.78 1.274 4.5E−02 79.68 10.19 4.5E−02 79.68 NUE578 9524.1 2.13 1.5E−01 49.88 1.602 1.4E−01 126.00 12.12 2.2E−01 #### NUE578 9523.3 1.97 1.9E−02 38.35 1.400 4.0E−02 97.45 11.20 4.0E−02 97.45 NUE578 9522.3 1.75 4.8E−04 22.83 1.095 6.4E−05 54.54 8.76 6.4E−05 54.54 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE580 9552.3 1.52 1.2E−01 6.68 0.783 3.5E−02 10.46 6.26 3.5E−02 10.46 NUE580 9551.3 1.71 1.7E−01 19.93 1.049 2.0E−01 48.02 8.39 2.0E−01 48.02 NUE580 9553.4 1.73 1.1E−05 21.63 1.058 5.1E−06 49.24 8.46 5.1E−06 49.24 NUE580 9551.4 1.85 6.7E−02 30.17 1.284 6.8E−02 81.21 10.28 6.8E−02 81.21 NUE580 9554.4 1.70 2.7E−01 19.55 1.084 2.8E−01 52.96 8.67 2.8E−01 52.96 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 NUE582 9561.1 1.73 3.0E−01 21.81 1.026 3.3E−01 44.69 7.60 2.5E−01 34.04 NUE582 9562.1 1.60 3.4E−01 12.36 0.985 2.2E−01 38.99 7.88 2.2E−01 38.99 NUE582 9562.4 1.58 4.7E−01 11.39 0.920 4.7E−01 29.79 7.00 6.1E−01 23.36 NUE582 9563.3 1.76 2.1E−01 23.73 1.071 1.4E−01 51.05 8.57 1.4E−01 51.05 NUE582 9561.2 1.92 6.2E−02 34.91 1.328 9.8E−02 87.34 10.02 2.1E−01 76.63 Control 1.42 0.709 5.67 Table 38: Analyses of rosette diameter and area and plot coverage of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “Ave.” = average.

TABLE 39 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved rosette growth performance (leaf number and leaf blade) under nitrogen deficient conditions Leaf Number Leaf Blade Area [cm²] Gene p- % p- % Name Event # Ave. value incr. Ave. value incr. NUE241 9632.3 8.0 6.4E−01 7.34 0.174 5.3E−01 30.98 NUE241 9631.4 8.3 1.6E−01 10.69 0.156 2.8E−02 17.43 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE249 9122.2 9.8 1.1E−01 4.20 0.266 4.7E−02 12.23 Control 9.4 0.237 NUE525 9534.1 8.8 5.9E−02 17.88 0.199 1.6E−01 49.90 NUE525 9531.2 8.9 3.6E−05 19.80 0.181 4.1E−02 36.68 NUE525 9533.1 7.8 1.9E−02 4.82 0.175 3.3E−01 31.80 NUE525 9531.3 7.6 8.6E−01 2.31 0.149 6.4E−01 12.26 NUE525 9533.4 8.3 8.0E−02 11.53 0.176 2.0E−02 32.40 NUE525 9531.1 8.4 3.0E−05 12.37 0.161 3.4E−03 21.39 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE536 9234.1 9.4 9.7E−01 0.19 0.266 3.0E−01 12.00 Control 9.4 0.237 NUE545 9484.2 8.7 4.6E−02 16.56 0.216 2.8E−03 62.69 NUE545 9482.4 8.0 4.7E−01 7.34 0.174 1.6E−01 31.20 NUE545 9481.3 7.8 7.2E−01 3.98 0.188 4.7E−01 41.85 NUE545 9484.4 8.3 1.6E−01 10.69 0.207 2.6E−07 56.09 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE549 9341.1 7.9 6.7E−01 5.66 0.160 8.3E−02 20.34 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE563 9454.1 8.3 1.6E−01 10.69 0.154 1.7E−01 16.19 NUE563 9452.3 7.4 9.8E−01 −0.21 0.150 6.1E−01 13.28 NUE563 9453.4 8.1 1.9E−01 9.01 0.181 2.2E−01 36.86 NUE563 9452.1 0.141 4.4E−01 6.33 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE565 9444.1 7.7 8.6E−02 3.14 0.162 2.2E−01 21.85 NUE565 9442.4 7.8 1.9E−02 4.82 0.148 1.4E−01 11.60 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE566 9514.3 7.8 4.5E−01 4.94 0.188 5.6E−02 41.70 NUE566 9513.1 7.8 1.8E−01 3.98 0.162 3.2E−01 22.40 NUE566 9512.4 8.1 5.4E−01 8.18 0.170 3.9E−01 28.31 NUE566 9514.1 8.0 4.2E−01 7.82 0.180 1.9E−01 35.77 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE568 9474.4 7.9 3.1E−01 5.66 0.175 4.2E−02 31.80 NUE568 9461.2 8.6 9.9E−03 15.72 0.195 9.6E−02 47.20 NUE568 9462.4 8.1 1.3E−01 8.18 0.193 3.2E−01 45.51 NUE568 9462.3 7.8 5.7E−01 3.98 0.176 5.3E−02 32.52 NUE568 9463.4 7.6 6.1E−01 2.31 0.185 3.7E−01 39.91 NUE568 9473.3 7.9 4.6E−01 6.50 0.148 1.8E−01 11.71 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE573 9491.4 7.9 6.7E−01 5.66 0.168 2.6E−01 27.07 NUE573 9492.1 9.1 6.1E−02 22.43 0.234 3.8E−02 76.54 NUE573 9493.4 8.0 3.1E−01 7.94 0.193 9.4E−07 45.94 NUE573 9494.3 8.1 3.6E−02 9.01 0.193 1.3E−05 45.95 NUE573 9491.2 8.7 2.0E−01 16.56 0.181 2.2E−01 36.33 NUE573 9492.2 7.6 6.7E−01 1.47 0.183 5.8E−02 38.25 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE575 9501.4 8.5 1.1E−01 14.05 0.216 1.9E−02 62.82 NUE575 9504.1 8.5 2.0E−01 14.05 0.214 2.2E−01 61.54 NUE575 9503.1 8.4 3.8E−01 13.21 0.207 2.1E−01 55.92 NUE575 9502.1 8.4 2.5E−01 13.21 0.182 2.6E−01 37.35 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE578 9524.3 8.4 2.3E−01 12.37 0.208 1.5E−07 57.07 NUE578 9524.1 9.1 1.3E−01 22.19 0.242 1.6E−01 82.58 NUE578 9523.3 8.8 3.1E−06 17.40 0.223 7.2E−02 68.19 NUE578 9522.3 8.4 2.3E−01 12.37 0.178 2.4E−04 34.51 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE580 9552.3 8.1 1.6E−03 8.18 0.135 6.4E−01 1.85 NUE580 9551.3 8.5 1.3E−05 14.05 0.175 2.4E−01 31.72 NUE580 9553.4 7.9 1.8E−01 6.50 0.185 1.4E−01 39.73 NUE580 9551.4 8.5 2.0E−01 14.05 0.202 2.0E−05 52.26 NUE580 9554.4 7.9 9.4E−02 5.66 0.183 3.4E−01 38.26 Control 7.5 0.133 NUE582 9561.1 8.3 2.8E−01 11.29 0.171 3.9E−01 28.94 NUE582 9562.1 8.1 1.9E−01 9.01 0.168 3.4E−01 26.84 NUE582 9562.4 7.7 5.3E−01 2.67 0.164 5.0E−01 24.06 NUE582 9563.3 8.4 1.0E−04 13.21 0.186 1.5E−01 40.09 NUE582 9561.2 8.7 7.5E−02 16.08 0.217 1.5E−01 63.53 Control 7.5 0.133 Table 39: Analyses of leaf number and leaf blade of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “Ave.” = average.

The genes presented in Tables 40 and 41, hereinbelow, have improved plant growth rate when grown at limiting nitrogen fertilization levels. These genes improved the growth rate of the rosette and faster covered the soil when grown at limiting nitrogen growth conditions.

Tables 40 and 41 depict analyses of the growth rate of the rosette diameter, rosette area, leaf blade area, leaf number and plot coverage when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 40 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved growth rate (RGR of leaf blade area and RGR of leaf number) under nitrogen deficient conditions RGR Of Leaf Blade Area RGR Of Leaf Number Gene p- % p- % Name Event # Average value increment Average value increment NUE241 9633.4 0.016 8.8E−01 1.45 0.567 0.330 13.34 NUE241 9632.3 0.021 4.2E−02 30.38 0.548 0.538 9.72 NUE241 9631.4 0.019 6.1E−02 17.16 0.536 0.579 7.27 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE525 9534.1 0.023 6.7E−05 43.97 0.612 0.105 22.43 NUE525 9531.2 0.020 6.2E−03 25.68 0.661 0.016 32.14 NUE525 9533.1 0.020 2.0E−02 25.03 0.503 0.954 0.71 NUE525 9531.3 0.017 7.1E−01 3.98 0.508 0.918 1.54 NUE525 9533.4 0.020 1.4E−02 22.12 0.560 0.372 11.94 NUE525 9531.1 0.018 1.3E−01 13.01 0.557 0.392 11.36 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE545 9484.2 0.026 1.1E−07 60.54 NUE545 9482.4 0.021 6.0E−03 28.52 NUE545 9482.2 0.018 9.81 NUE545 9481.3 0.022 2.1E−02 39.32 NUE545 9484.4 0.025 1.3E−06 54.25 Control 0.016 NUE549 9341.1 0.018 1.6E−01 12.49 Control 0.016 NUE563 9454.1 0.018 1.4E−01 13.13 0.544 0.509 8.79 NUE563 9452.3 0.018 3.7E−01 9.76 NUE563 9453.4 0.021 2.7E−03 30.97 0.580 0.223 16.07 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE565 9444.1 0.020 3.2E−02 21.06 Control 0.016 NUE566 9514.3 0.022 3.5E−03 34.09 0.558 0.384 11.55 NUE566 9513.1 0.020 3.2E−02 22.23 0.551 0.432 10.19 NUE566 9512.4 0.021 1.2E−02 31.16 0.575 0.285 14.98 NUE566 9514.1 0.021 5.5E−03 29.97 0.515 3.05 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE568 9474.4 0.022 6.2E−04 34.41 NUE568 9461.2 0.024 1.2E−04 46.02 0.567 0.327 13.35 NUE568 9462.4 0.024 5.3E−04 48.85 0.527 0.687 5.52 NUE568 9462.3 0.022 1.2E−03 35.77 NUE568 9463.4 0.022 2.5E−03 38.12 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE573 9491.4 0.018 1.4E−01 14.16 NUE573 9492.1 0.029 7.4E−09 77.15 0.606 0.122 21.29 NUE573 9493.4 0.023 9.0E−05 42.33 0.539 0.549 7.79 NUE573 9494.3 0.023 1.3E−04 40.79 0.573 0.271 14.63 NUE573 9491.2 0.020 9.4E−03 26.53 0.565 0.383 13.00 NUE573 9492.2 0.022 4.2E−04 39.19 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE575 9501.4 0.026 2.8E−07 59.00 0.554 0.441 10.78 NUE575 9504.3 0.016 8.9E−01 −1.86 0.517 0.813 3.41 NUE575 9504.1 0.025 1.3E−04 55.64 0.560 0.398 12.06 NUE575 9503.1 0.024 1.4E−04 51.12 0.615 0.126 23.04 NUE575 9502.1 0.021 1.5E−02 28.36 0.513 0.852 2.58 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE578 9524.3 0.025 4.9E−06 56.63 0.575 0.268 14.98 NUE578 9524.1 0.029 3.0E−07 77.86 0.630 0.050 25.93 NUE578 9523.3 0.027 6.9E−08 65.64 0.561 0.372 12.29 NUE578 9522.3 0.021 1.6E−03 32.66 0.606 0.119 21.29 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE580 9551.3 0.021 6.5E−03 28.15 0.538 0.545 7.62 NUE580 9554.2 0.564 0.339 12.76 NUE580 9553.4 0.023 1.5E−04 40.79 0.526 0.686 5.28 NUE580 9551.4 0.024 1.3E−05 47.33 0.524 0.734 4.82 NUE580 9554.4 0.022 4.0E−03 37.25 Control 0.016 0.500 NUE582 9561.1 0.021 1.3E−02 29.36 0.585 0.225 16.94 NUE582 9562.1 0.020 1.8E−02 26.50 0.560 0.379 11.94 NUE582 9562.4 0.020 3.7E−02 26.29 0.556 0.464 11.24 NUE582 9563.3 0.023 1.7E−04 44.35 0.615 0.113 23.04 NUE582 9561.2 0.026 1.4E−06 61.66 0.605 0.124 21.11 Control 0.016 0.500 Table 40: Analyses of growth rate (RGR of leaf blade area and RGR of leaf number) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

TABLE 41 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved growth rate (RGR of rosette area and diameter and RGR of plot coverage) under nitrogen deficient conditions RGR Of Rosette RGR Of Rosette Area Diameter RGR Of Plot Coverage Gene p- % p- % p- % Name Event # Ave. value incr. Ave. value incr. Ave. value incr. NUE241 9633.4 0.102 2.9E−01 13.04 0.130 6.4E−01 −3.23 0.82 2.9E−01 13.04 NUE241 9632.3 0.131 2.2E−02 44.18 0.163 5.3E−02 21.41 1.05 2.2E−02 44.18 NUE241 9631.4 0.114 2.6E−02 25.68 0.151 8.4E−02 12.12 0.91 2.6E−02 25.68 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE525 9534.1 0.160 3.4E−07 76.36 0.164 3.4E−03 21.78 1.20 2.3E−05 66.06 NUE525 9531.2 0.150 3.9E−06 65.52 0.161 7.7E−03 19.52 1.13 2.0E−04 55.87 NUE525 9533.1 0.135 3.4E−04 48.53 0.153 5.1E−02 13.37 1.08 3.4E−04 48.53 NUE525 9531.3 0.111 1.1E−01 22.62 0.135 9.8E−01 0.21 0.89 1.1E−01 22.62 NUE525 9533.4 0.130 3.6E−04 43.83 0.149 1.1E−01 11.07 1.04 3.6E−04 43.83 NUE525 9531.1 0.129 6.5E−04 42.14 0.140 5.5E−01 4.10 1.03 6.5E−04 42.14 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE545 9484.2 0.168 4.4E−08 85.85 0.184 4.2E−06 36.37 1.35 4.4E−08 85.85 NUE545 9482.4 0.127 3.1E−03 40.34 0.154 6.9E−02 14.35 1.02 3.1E−03 40.34 NUE545 9482.2 0.098 8.66 0.135 9.6E−01 0.34 0.79 4.4E−01 8.66 NUE545 9481.3 0.130 2.3E−02 43.77 0.173 3.3E−02 28.42 1.04 2.3E−02 43.77 NUE545 9484.4 0.163 2.7E−07 79.91 0.194 4.6E−07 43.83 1.30 2.7E−07 79.91 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE549 9341.1 0.118 1.4E−02 30.70 0.140 6.0E−01 3.79 0.95 1.4E−02 30.70 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE563 9454.1 0.119 9.5E−03 31.19 0.148 1.5E−01 9.88 0.95 9.5E−03 31.19 NUE563 9452.3 0.104 2.4E−01 15.20 0.140 6.0E−01 4.00 0.84 2.4E−01 15.20 NUE563 9453.4 0.137 2.1E−04 51.54 0.155 3.6E−02 15.50 1.10 2.1E−04 51.54 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE565 9444.1 0.111 6.2E−02 22.99 0.157 6.4E−02 16.45 0.89 6.2E−02 22.99 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE566 9514.3 0.143 3.0E−04 58.15 0.162 4.2E−02 20.44 1.07 6.9E−04 47.03 NUE566 9513.1 0.118 1.7E−02 30.34 0.155 4.8E−02 14.92 0.94 1.7E−02 30.34 NUE566 9512.4 0.121 2.4E−02 33.06 0.156 7.6E−02 15.84 0.96 2.4E−02 33.06 NUE566 9514.1 0.134 1.1E−03 48.17 0.160 1.1E−02 18.57 1.02 1.0E−02 40.14 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE568 9474.4 0.121 7.0E−03 33.08 0.160 1.2E−02 19.19 0.96 7.0E−03 33.08 NUE568 9461.2 0.157 7.6E−06 73.36 0.170 4.1E−03 26.24 1.26 7.6E−06 73.36 NUE568 9462.4 0.139 5.3E−04 53.79 0.172 5.8E−03 27.76 1.11 5.3E−04 53.79 NUE568 9462.3 0.131 1.4E−03 44.88 0.167 1.3E−03 23.84 1.05 1.4E−03 44.88 NUE568 9463.4 0.129 3.7E−03 42.01 0.159 2.5E−02 18.33 1.03 3.7E−03 42.01 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE573 9491.4 0.123 6.0E−03 35.42 0.149 1.7E−01 10.44 0.98 6.0E−03 35.42 NUE573 9492.1 0.182 5.7E−09 100.76 0.190 1.2E−06 41.04 1.46 5.7E−09 100.76 NUE573 9493.4 0.141 5.6E−05 55.36 0.166 2.1E−03 23.03 1.06 6.8E−04 45.86 NUE573 9494.3 0.151 5.3E−06 66.87 0.171 6.6E−04 26.79 1.21 5.3E−06 66.87 NUE573 9491.2 0.139 1.3E−04 53.69 0.164 1.1E−02 21.53 1.11 1.3E−04 53.69 NUE573 9492.2 0.130 1.5E−03 43.69 0.165 4.8E−03 22.63 1.04 1.5E−03 43.69 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE575 9501.4 0.172 9.2E−09 89.99 0.198 1.1E−07 47.36 1.38 9.2E−09 89.99 NUE575 9504.3 0.095 7.7E−01 4.69 0.135 1.0E+00 −0.04 0.76 7.7E−01 4.69 NUE575 9504.1 0.160 4.5E−05 76.22 0.178 3.5E−03 32.48 1.28 4.5E−05 76.22 NUE575 9503.1 0.165 4.1E−06 82.22 0.168 1.2E−02 24.58 1.32 4.1E−06 82.22 NUE575 9502.1 0.136 9.0E−04 50.03 0.151 1.3E−01 12.57 1.09 9.0E−04 50.03 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE578 9524.3 0.165 6.9E−07 81.99 0.185 2.5E−04 37.68 1.32 6.9E−07 81.99 NUE578 9524.1 0.206 3.9E−09 127.63 0.202 1.1E−06 49.79 1.56 4.4E−07 115.41 NUE578 9523.3 0.181 4.2E−09 99.40 0.179 1.9E−05 33.16 1.45 4.2E−09 99.40 NUE578 9522.3 0.141 6.5E−05 55.95 0.167 1.6E−03 24.01 1.13 6.5E−05 55.95 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE580 9551.3 0.135 3.5E−04 48.50 0.157 2.7E−02 16.48 1.08 3.5E−04 48.50 NUE580 9554.2 0.093 8.5E−01 0.130 7.1E−01 0.74 8.5E−01 NUE580 9553.4 0.137 1.5E−04 51.17 0.169 8.0E−04 25.59 1.10 1.5E−04 51.17 NUE580 9551.4 0.165 2.1E−07 82.42 0.170 1.3E−03 26.33 1.32 2.1E−07 82.42 NUE580 9554.4 0.138 1.0E−03 52.73 0.152 9.4E−02 12.99 1.11 1.0E−03 52.73 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 NUE582 9561.1 0.133 2.5E−03 47.08 0.167 6.9E−03 24.32 0.99 7.7E−03 36.09 NUE582 9562.1 0.127 3.4E−03 40.44 0.152 7.7E−02 13.15 1.02 3.4E−03 40.44 NUE582 9562.4 0.120 2.8E−02 32.82 0.153 1.1E−01 13.90 0.91 1.0E−01 26.19 NUE582 9563.3 0.141 2.1E−04 55.33 0.178 4.6E−04 32.62 1.13 2.1E−04 55.33 NUE582 9561.2 0.172 9.3E−08 89.88 0.186 1.1E−05 37.84 1.30 4.6E−06 79.08 Control 0.091 0.135 0.72 Table 41: Analyses of growth rate (RGR of rosette area and diameter and RGR of plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under nitrogen deficient conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM K₂SO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Tables 42 and 43, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE and produced larger plant biomass when grown under standard nitrogen fertilization conditions, compared to control plants. In addition a production of a larger number of leaves as well as a higher plot coverage when grown at low nitrogen conditions indicate a larger photosynthetic capacity of the plant when grown at high nitrogen growth conditions. Table 42 and 43 depict analyses of rosette area and leaf number (rosette diameter, rosette area, leaf number, leaf blade area and plot coverage) when grown under standard nitrogen fertilization conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 42 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved rosette growth performance (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) under standard nitrogen conditions Rosette Diameter [cm] Rosette Area [cm²] Plot Coverage [%] P- % P- % P- % Gene Name Event # Ave. Value incr. Ave. Value incr. Ave. Value incr. NUE230 9154.2 2.16 1.1E−02 6.87 1.57 4.6E−03 17.45 12.56 4.6E−03 17.45 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE234 9163.4 2.40 2.7E−02 18.64 1.72 1.7E−02 28.84 13.78 1.7E−02 28.84 NUE234 9162.5 2.14 2.1E−02 5.87 1.52 1.6E−02 13.45 12.13 1.6E−02 13.45 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE248 8983.1 2.21 2.2E−03 9.45 1.58 3.5E−03 18.29 12.65 3.5E−03 18.29 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE249 9122.2 2.27 8.3E−02 12.44 1.62 1.8E−03 20.83 12.92 1.8E−03 20.83 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE268 8996.3 2.17 1.2E−02 7.34 1.64 2.2E−03 23.05 13.16 2.2E−03 23.05 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE525 9534.1 1.96 1.0E−01 12.33 1.37 4.5E−02 27.78 10.97 4.5E−02 27.78 NUE525 9531.2 2.17 8.8E−02 24.47 1.65 7.2E−02 53.32 13.17 7.2E−02 53.32 NUE525 9533.1 2.11 3.4E−01 21.09 1.57 3.5E−01 46.56 12.59 3.5E−01 46.56 NUE525 9531.3 2.00 2.9E−02 14.68 1.47 1.9E−02 37.33 11.79 1.9E−02 37.33 NUE525 9533.4 2.08 3.2E−01 19.24 1.47 3.6E−01 36.69 11.74 3.6E−01 36.69 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE536 9233.3 2.28 2.2E−01 12.83 1.71 1.7E−01 27.70 13.66 1.7E−01 27.70 NUE536 9234.1 2.43 6.8E−02 20.35 1.92 2.6E−02 43.88 15.39 2.6E−02 43.88 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE545 9484.2 2.37 1.2E−03 35.50 1.74 8.5E−03 62.13 13.92 8.5E−03 62.13 NUE545 9482.4 1.93 6.8E−01 10.29 1.37 5.9E−01 27.95 10.99 5.9E−01 27.95 NUE545 9481.3 2.09 8.6E−03 19.87 1.51 7.8E−03 40.62 12.08 7.8E−03 40.62 NUE545 9484.4 2.15 8.4E−02 22.97 1.55 1.7E−01 43.98 12.37 1.7E−01 43.98 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE549 9343.6 1.93 4.9E−01 10.73 1.22 6.2E−01 13.86 9.78 6.2E−01 13.86 NUE549 9341.1 1.94 5.1E−01 11.16 1.33 4.3E−01 23.54 10.61 4.3E−01 23.54 NUE549 9342.3 2.01 2.7E−02 15.03 1.38 4.3E−02 28.53 11.04 4.3E−02 28.53 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE560 9423.4 2.23 4.7E−01 10.17 1.66 4.2E−01 24.21 13.28 4.2E−01 24.21 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE568 9461.2 2.35 2.3E−03 34.72 2.01 1.3E−02 87.26 16.08 1.3E−02 87.26 NUE568 9461.3 2.05 9.9E−02 17.54 1.48 7.0E−02 38.17 11.87 7.0E−02 38.17 NUE568 9462.4 1.92 2.1E−01 9.87 1.25 3.4E−01 16.76 9.46 6.7E−01 10.14 NUE568 9463.4 2.01 7.4E−02 14.90 1.41 7.7E−02 31.41 11.29 7.7E−02 31.41 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE573 9491.4 2.10 9.7E−03 20.13 1.48 1.4E−02 37.74 11.83 1.4E−02 37.74 NUE573 9492.1 2.01 1.0E−01 15.05 1.36 7.2E−02 26.45 8.02 8.5E−01 −6.67 NUE573 9493.4 1.99 1.3E−01 14.08 1.38 7.7E−02 28.86 10.42 3.7E−01 21.28 NUE573 9491.2 2.18 1.1E−01 25.09 1.59 1.3E−01 48.09 12.72 1.3E−01 48.09 NUE573 9494.3 1.98 7.0E−02 13.52 1.45 1.0E−01 34.78 11.57 1.0E−01 34.78 NUE573 9492.2 1.94 4.4E−01 11.14 1.46 5.2E−01 35.94 9.79 5.7E−01 14.02 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE575 9501.4 1.96 2.8E−01 12.36 1.31 2.7E−01 22.00 10.48 2.7E−01 22.00 NUE575 9504.1 2.13 4.8E−02 21.96 1.58 7.9E−02 47.31 12.65 7.9E−02 47.31 NUE575 9503.1 1.95 9.7E−02 11.94 1.24 3.4E−01 15.70 9.94 3.4E−01 15.70 NUE575 9502.1 1.99 4.1E−01 14.24 1.44 3.8E−01 34.12 10.35 6.9E−01 20.49 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE578 9524.1 2.15 3.4E−03 23.14 1.64 1.9E−03 52.74 13.12 1.9E−03 52.74 NUE578 9524.3 2.08 6.0E−01 18.89 1.58 5.2E−01 47.61 12.68 5.2E−01 47.61 NUE578 9523.3 2.37 8.6E−02 35.89 1.79 2.9E−02 66.79 13.36 1.4E−03 55.59 NUE578 9522.3 2.07 1.3E−01 18.61 1.63 1.2E−01 51.78 13.03 1.2E−01 51.78 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE580 9552.3 1.92 1.1E−01 10.01 1.24 2.4E−01 15.83 9.95 2.4E−01 15.83 NUE580 9551.3 1.98 4.3E−02 13.26 1.47 1.4E−02 37.05 11.77 1.4E−02 37.05 NUE580 9554.4 2.03 3.7E−01 16.34 1.52 2.0E−01 41.78 12.18 2.0E−01 41.78 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE582 9561.1 2.25 9.2E−02 28.98 1.73 1.6E−01 61.52 13.87 1.6E−01 61.52 NUE582 9561.2 2.10 7.1E−03 20.11 1.56 4.6E−03 45.40 12.49 4.6E−03 45.40 Control 1.75 1.07 8.59 NUE585 9661.1 2.46 4.9E−02 21.69 2.02 1.2E−05 50.77 16.12 1.2E−05 50.77 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 NUE588 9591.3 2.14 1.3E−01 5.91 1.50 5.3E−02 12.38 12.02 5.3E−02 12.38 Control 2.02 1.34 10.69 Table 42: Analyses of rosette growth performance (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

TABLE 43 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved rosette growth performance (leaf number and leaf blade area) under standard nitrogen conditions Leaf Number Leaf Blade Area [cm²] Gene Event % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE230 9154.2 8.75 1.4E−01 4.03 0.26 7.3E−03 16.16 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE234 9163.4 8.88 4.2E−01 5.52 0.28 2.9E−02 23.30 NUE234 9162.5 8.06 5.7E−01 −4.14 0.26 9.0E−02 12.41 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE248 8983.1 8.75 1.4E−01 4.03 0.25 1.0E−02 11.97 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE249 9122.2 9.25 2.2E−02 9.98 0.27 3.5E−03 17.48 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE268 8996.3 8.81 1.4E−02 4.78 0.28 6.2E−04 21.22 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE525 9534.1 8.88 3.4E−02 9.44 0.23 6.6E−02 20.64 NUE525 9531.2 9.06 9.5E−03 11.75 0.26 1.3E−01 39.24 NUE525 9533.1 8.63 5.6E−01 6.36 0.24 3.4E−01 29.39 NUE525 9531.3 8.69 4.8E−01 7.13 0.23 2.3E−02 23.65 NUE525 9533.4 8.88 4.8E−01 9.44 0.23 3.5E−01 24.51 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE536 9233.3 9.50 1.2E−02 12.95 0.27 2.8E−01 18.94 NUE536 9234.1 9.44 6.1E−02 12.21 0.29 7.6E−02 28.74 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE545 9484.2 9.31 1.5E−01 14.84 0.28 2.1E−03 47.68 NUE545 9482.4 8.56 6.3E−01 5.59 0.22 6.6E−01 18.07 NUE545 9481.3 8.06 8.7E−01 −0.58 0.27 1.2E−03 41.88 NUE545 9484.4 8.88 1.1E−01 9.44 0.25 8.3E−02 31.54 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE549 9343.6 8.81 7.7E−02 8.67 0.20 6.6E−01 8.33 NUE549 9341.1 8.44 6.7E−01 4.05 0.21 6.0E−01 14.37 NUE549 9342.3 9.06 1.1E−01 11.75 0.21 1.3E−01 13.98 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE560 9423.4 8.75 1.3E−02 4.03 0.28 4.4E−01 21.95 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE568 9461.2 9.63 1.5E−02 18.69 0.30 2.1E−02 59.80 NUE568 9461.3 8.94 2.6E−01 10.21 0.23 3.2E−02 25.07 NUE568 9462.4 8.48 3.5E−01 4.60 0.21 4.6E−01 13.21 NUE568 9463.4 8.69 7.2E−02 7.13 0.24 7.0E−02 28.16 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE573 9491.4 8.63 2.3E−01 6.36 0.23 6.2E−02 22.82 NUE573 9492.1 8.81 7.7E−02 8.67 0.23 3.9E−02 20.79 NUE573 9493.4 8.86 4.2E−02 9.22 0.22 8.1E−02 17.66 NUE573 9491.2 8.63 1.2E−01 6.36 0.25 1.2E−01 33.61 NUE573 9494.3 9.13 1.5E−01 12.52 0.23 9.9E−02 20.47 NUE573 9492.2 8.46 7.1E−01 4.30 0.23 5.5E−01 25.07 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE575 9501.4 8.38 3.6E−01 3.28 0.21 3.9E−01 14.56 NUE575 9504.1 9.06 9.5E−03 11.75 0.25 1.1E−01 33.06 NUE575 9503.1 8.06 9.2E−01 −0.58 0.22 3.3E−01 16.13 NUE575 9502.1 8.98 3.9E−01 10.73 0.22 3.0E−01 18.72 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE578 9524.1 8.50 1.9E−01 4.82 0.26 7.3E−03 40.77 NUE578 9524.3 8.31 8.7E−01 2.50 0.25 5.4E−01 32.70 NUE578 9523.3 9.48 1.5E−02 16.93 0.28 4.2E−03 51.09 NUE578 9522.3 9.06 1.1E−01 11.75 0.24 1.9E−01 27.90 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE580 9552.3 8.56 1.4E−01 5.59 0.20 4.9E−01 7.20 NUE580 9551.3 8.69 7.2E−02 7.13 0.23 1.6E−02 25.62 NUE580 9554.4 8.63 4.8E−01 6.36 0.23 3.5E−01 24.90 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE582 9561.1 9.44 2.7E−01 16.38 0.27 1.6E−01 43.32 NUE582 9561.2 8.94 1.8E−02 10.21 0.25 5.5E−03 33.79 Control 8.11 0.19 NUE585 9661.1 8.94 4.0E−03 6.26 0.33 1.8E−02 43.63 Control 8.41 0.23 NUE588 9591.3 9.19 5.6E−04 9.24 0.25 2.6E−02 9.62 Control 8.41 0.23 Table 43: Analyses of rosette growth performance (leaf number and leaf blade area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Tables 44 and 45, hereinbelow, have improved plant growth rate when grown at limiting nitrogen fertilization levels. These genes improved the growth rate of the rosette and faster covered the soil when grown at standard nitrogen fertilization levels. These genes produced faster growing plants showing a better utilization of the nitrogen present.

Tables 44 and 45 depict analyses of the growth rate of the rosette diameter, rosette area, leaf blade area, leaf number and plot coverage when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 44 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved growth rate (RGR of leaf blade area, leaf number and rosette area) under standard nitrogen conditions RGR Of Leaf Blade Area RGR Of Leaf Number RGR Of Rosette Area Gene Event % % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE230 9154.2 0.032 2.5E−01 18.08 0.561 0.862 −1.88 0.20 2.8E−01 18.63 NUE230 9153.3 0.034 1.5E−01 25.07 0.629 0.404 9.96 0.22 9.2E−02 32.65 Control 0.027 0.572 0.16 NUE525 9534.1 0.027 3.4E−01 17.00 0.577 0.820 3.62 0.18 2.5E−01 25.20 NUE525 9531.2 0.032 4.9E−02 37.26 0.619 0.479 11.17 0.21 2.0E−02 53.67 NUE525 9533.1 0.029 2.1E−01 23.87 0.570 0.889 2.25 0.20 6.0E−02 45.89 NUE525 9531.3 0.028 2.3E−01 21.75 0.618 0.485 10.96 0.19 9.2E−02 37.52 NUE525 9533.4 0.028 2.4E−01 22.32 0.581 0.783 4.35 0.19 1.2E−01 36.12 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE536 9233.3 0.032 2.0E−01 21.11 0.696 0.053 21.70 0.21 9.8E−02 30.44 NUE536 9234.1 0.035 6.2E−02 31.13 0.719 0.025 25.69 0.24 1.6E−02 46.81 Control 0.027 0.572 0.16 NUE545 9484.2 0.034 1.4E−02 47.61 0.666 0.224 19.56 0.23 7.1E−03 63.45 NUE545 9482.4 0.026 5.0E−01 13.65 0.617 0.523 10.85 0.18 2.8E−01 26.57 NUE545 9481.3 0.032 3.8E−02 39.71 0.478 0.19 7.9E−02 38.94 NUE545 9484.4 0.030 1.3E−01 27.62 0.542 0.20 6.8E−02 41.88 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE568 9474.3 0.025 7.0E−01 7.00 0.535 0.15 6.4E−01 10.17 NUE568 9471.3 0.024 7.5E−01 5.65 0.627 0.423 12.49 0.17 3.4E−01 20.52 NUE568 9461.2 0.037 3.1E−03 58.77 0.665 0.208 19.45 0.26 3.9E−04 88.65 NUE568 9474.4 0.026 5.5E−01 10.89 0.526 0.726 −5.61 0.15 6.2E−01 10.72 NUE568 9461.3 0.029 1.9E−01 23.81 0.643 0.342 15.47 0.20 8.0E−02 39.53 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE573 9491.4 0.026 4.3E−01 14.05 0.543 0.872 −2.57 0.19 1.2E−01 34.11 NUE573 9493.4 0.026 4.9E−01 12.34 0.653 0.270 17.18 0.18 2.0E−01 28.04 NUE573 9491.2 0.030 1.0E−01 30.33 0.519 0.657 −6.87 0.21 4.2E−02 46.75 NUE573 9492.2 0.029 2.3E−01 24.31 0.531 0.791 −4.60 0.19 1.6E−01 35.61 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE575 9504.1 0.030 1.1E−01 30.22 0.624 0.428 12.01 0.21 4.0E−02 47.00 NUE575 9503.1 0.027 4.0E−01 15.42 0.516 0.651 −7.29 0.16 4.7E−01 15.58 NUE575 9502.1 0.026 4.7E−01 13.38 0.609 0.566 9.32 0.19 1.7E−01 32.29 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE578 9524.1 0.033 3.3E−02 41.00 0.613 0.511 10.12 0.22 1.8E−02 54.74 NUE578 9524.3 0.031 1.5E−01 31.93 0.608 0.642 9.18 0.21 7.3E−02 49.17 NUE578 9523.3 0.034 1.6E−02 46.45 0.665 0.213 19.44 0.23 5.4E−03 65.74 NUE578 9522.3 0.029 2.1E−01 23.38 0.685 0.143 23.02 0.21 2.4E−02 52.52 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE580 9551.3 0.029 1.4E−01 26.91 0.602 0.608 8.02 0.19 8.4E−02 38.45 NUE580 9554.4 0.027 3.8E−01 16.77 0.543 0.875 −2.57 0.19 9.4E−02 38.64 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE582 9561.1 0.032 4.1E−02 39.34 0.666 0.252 19.56 0.22 1.2E−02 60.37 NUE582 9562.1 0.027 3.5E−01 17.41 0.577 0.833 3.51 0.17 3.0E−01 23.28 NUE582 9562.4 0.027 3.8E−01 15.92 0.568 0.902 1.94 0.16 4.4E−01 16.65 NUE582 9561.2 0.032 7.0E−02 37.29 0.665 0.255 19.42 0.22 3.1E−02 54.06 Control 0.023 0.557 0.14 NUE585 9661.3 0.030 4.5E−01 11.39 0.684 0.145 19.49 0.18 5.3E−01 10.62 NUE585 9661.1 0.039 1.2E−02 43.80 0.658 0.178 14.96 0.25 7.0E−03 52.30 Control 0.027 0.572 0.16 NUE588 9591.3 0.031 2.6E−01 17.23 0.713 0.052 24.56 0.19 3.2E−01 17.29 Control 0.027 0.572 0.16 Table 44: Analyses of growth rate (RGR of leaf blade area, leaf number and rosette area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

TABLE 45 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved growth rate (RGR of rosette diameter and plot coverage) under standard nitrogen conditions RGR Of Rosette Diameter RGR Of Plot Coverage Gene Event % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE230 9154.2 0.20 0.612 5.67 1.56 0.283 18.63 NUE230 9153.3 0.21 0.382 10.99 1.75 0.092 32.65 Control 0.19 1.32 NUE525 9534.1 0.18 0.672 6.16 1.40 0.249 25.20 NUE525 9531.2 0.21 0.188 19.78 1.72 0.020 53.67 NUE525 9533.1 0.21 0.239 18.66 1.63 0.060 45.89 NUE525 9531.3 0.20 0.407 12.27 1.54 0.092 37.52 NUE525 9533.4 0.20 0.308 16.23 1.52 0.125 36.12 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE536 9233.3 0.22 0.250 13.45 1.72 0.098 30.44 NUE536 9234.1 0.23 0.068 21.81 1.93 0.016 46.81 Control 0.19 1.32 NUE545 9484.2 0.23 0.024 34.81 1.83 0.007 63.45 NUE545 9482.4 0.18 0.741 5.45 1.42 0.281 26.57 NUE545 9481.3 0.20 0.304 15.24 1.55 0.079 38.94 NUE545 9484.4 0.21 0.215 18.52 1.59 0.068 41.88 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE568 9474.3 0.18 0.868 2.45 1.23 0.641 10.17 NUE568 9471.3 0.17 0.853 −2.69 1.35 0.345 20.52 NUE568 9461.2 0.23 0.039 31.20 2.11 0.000 88.65 NUE568 9474.4 0.18 0.947 0.98 1.24 0.624 10.72 NUE568 9461.3 0.21 0.218 18.40 1.56 0.080 39.53 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE573 9491.4 0.19 0.582 8.00 1.50 0.121 34.11 NUE573 9493.4 0.19 0.589 7.89 1.35 0.349 20.66 NUE573 9491.2 0.21 0.222 18.90 1.64 0.042 46.75 NUE573 9492.2 0.18 0.821 3.40 1.27 0.542 13.46 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE575 9504.1 0.21 0.196 19.39 1.64 0.040 47.00 NUE575 9503.1 0.19 0.644 6.72 1.29 0.472 15.58 NUE575 9502.1 0.19 0.637 7.16 1.33 0.439 19.10 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE578 9524.1 0.21 0.154 21.31 1.73 0.018 54.74 NUE578 9524.3 0.21 0.302 19.94 1.67 0.073 49.17 NUE578 9523.3 0.23 0.036 33.14 1.73 0.017 54.56 NUE578 9522.3 0.19 0.472 10.54 1.71 0.024 52.52 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE580 9551.3 0.20 0.319 14.57 1.55 0.084 38.45 NUE580 9554.4 0.18 0.764 4.75 1.55 0.094 38.64 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE582 9561.1 0.22 0.112 24.58 1.79 0.012 60.37 NUE582 9562.1 0.19 0.548 9.10 1.38 0.300 23.28 NUE582 9562.4 0.19 0.469 10.79 1.31 0.438 16.65 NUE582 9561.2 0.20 0.325 16.03 1.72 0.031 54.06 Control 0.17 1.12 NUE585 9661.3 0.20 0.518 7.29 1.46 0.528 10.62 NUE585 9661.1 0.22 0.142 17.93 2.00 0.007 52.30 Control 0.19 1.32 NUE588 9591.3 0.21 0.413 9.34 1.54 0.317 17.29 Control 0.19 1.32 Table 45: Analyses of growth rate (RGR of rosette diameter and plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

Example 7 Assay 3: Nitrogen Use Efficiency Measured Until Bolting Stage: Plant Biomass and Plant Growth Rate at Limited and Standard Nitrogen Concentration Under Greenhouse Conditions

This assay follows seed yield production, the biomass formation and the rosette area growth of plants grown in the greenhouse at limiting and non-limiting nitrogen growth conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were sown in agar media supplemented with ½ MS medium and a selection agent (Kanamycin). The T₂ transgenic seedlings were then transplanted to 1.7 trays filled with peat and perlite in a 1:1 ratio. The trays were irrigated with a solution containing nitrogen limiting conditions, which were achieved by irrigating the plants with a solution containing 1.5 mM inorganic nitrogen in the form of KNO₃, supplemented with 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements, while normal nitrogen levels were achieved by applying a solution of 6 mM inorganic nitrogen also in the form of KNO₃ with 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements. All plants were grown in the greenhouse until mature seeds. Plant biomass (the above ground tissue) was weight immediately after harvesting the rosette (plant fresh weight [FW]). Following, plants were dried in an oven at 50° C. for 48 hours and weighted (plant dry weight [DW]).

Each construct was validated at its T₂ generation. Transgenic plants transformed with a construct conformed by an empty vector carrying the 35S promoter and the selectable marker was used as control.

The plants were analyzed for their overall size, growth rate, fresh weight and dry matter. Transgenic plants performance was compared to control plants grown in parallel under the same conditions.

The experiment was planned in nested randomized plot distribution. For each gene of the invention three to five independent transformation events were analyzed from each construct.

Digital Imaging

A laboratory image acquisition system, which consists of a digital reflex camera (Canon EOS 300D) attached with a 55 mm focal length lens (Canon EF-S series), mounted on a reproduction device (Kaiser RS), which includes 4 light units (4×150 Watts light bulb) was used for capturing images of plant samples.

The image capturing process was repeated every 2 days starting from day 1 after transplanting till day 15. Same camera, placed in a custom made iron mount, was used for capturing images of larger plants sawn in white tubs in an environmental controlled greenhouse. During the capture process, the tubes were placed beneath the iron mount, while avoiding direct sun light and casting of shadows.

An image analysis system was used, which consists of a personal desktop computer (Intel P4 3.0 GHz processor) and a public domain program—ImageJ 1.39 [Java based image processing program which was developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and freely available on the internet at Hypertext Transfer Protocol://rsbweb (dot) nih (dot) gov/]. Images were captured in resolution of 10 Mega Pixels (3888×2592 pixels) and stored in a low compression JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group standard) format. Next, analyzed data was saved to text files and processed using the JMP statistical analysis software (SAS institute).

Leaf Analysis

Using the digital analysis leaves data was calculated, including leaf number, rosette area, rosette diameter, leaf blade area, plot coverage and leaf petiole area.

Vegetative growth rate: is the rate of growth of the plant as defined by formula VIII, IX, X and XI as described above: Relative growth rate of leaf blade area=Regression coefficient of leaf area along time course.  Formula VIII: Relative growth rate of rosette area=Regression coefficient of rosette area along time course.  Formula IX: Relative growth rate of rosette diameter=Regression coefficient of rosette diameter along time course.  Formula X Relative growth rate of plot coverage=Regression coefficient of plot coverage along time course.  Formula XI

Plant Fresh and Dry Weight

On about day 40 from sowing, the plants were harvested and directly weight for the determination of the plant fresh weight (FW) and left to dry at 50° C. in a drying chamber for about 48 hours before weighting to determine plant dry weight (DW).

Statistical Analyses

To identify genes conferring significantly improved NUE, the results obtained from the transgenic plants were compared to those obtained from control plants. To identify outperforming genes and constructs, results from the independent transformation events tested are analyzed separately. Data was analyzed using Student's t-test and results were considered significant if the p value was less than 0.1. The JMP statistics software package was used (Version 5.2.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA).

Experimental Results:

The genes presented in Tables 46 and 47, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. These genes produced larger plants with a larger photosynthetic capacity when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions.

Tables 46 and 47 depict analyses of plant biomass and photosynthetic area (fresh weight, dry weight, rosette diameter, rosette area and plot coverage) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 46 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (dry weight and fresh weight) under limiting nitrogen conditions Dry Weight [g] Fresh Weight [g] Gene Event % % Name # Average P-Value increment Average P-Value increment NUE227 9851.4 0.076 0.014 44.26 0.725 0.002 79.65 NUE227 9854.2 0.059 0.202 12.33 0.569 0.000 40.93 NUE227 9853.1 0.069 0.025 31.25 0.581 0.092 44.03 NUE227 9851.1 0.063 0.052 19.43 0.581 0.205 44.03 NUE227 9852.3 0.063 0.063 18.24 0.519 0.469 28.54 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE233 10173.5 0.035 0.055 34.48 0.243 0.838 −1.89 Control 0.026 0.248 NUE256 10061.4 0.034 0.031 32.08 NUE256 10061.1 0.044 0.126 70.50 0.325 0.250 31.29 Control 0.026 0.248 NUE512 9284.2 0.044 0.417 −17.23 0.419 0.794 3.76 NUE512 9283.1 0.066 0.033 25.34 0.488 0.088 20.80 NUE512 9284.3 0.052 0.900 −1.86 0.469 0.566 16.15 NUE512 9282.3 0.064 0.066 20.61 0.506 0.005 25.44 NUE512 9283.3 0.063 0.247 18.24 0.538 0.002 33.19 NUE512 9281.3 0.079 0.066 49.32 0.538 0.023 33.41 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE514 9403.5 0.050 0.581 −5.41 0.388 0.807 −3.98 NUE514 9404.4 0.054 0.964 2.20 0.439 0.759 8.85 NUE514 9402.2 0.056 0.468 6.42 0.594 0.000 47.12 NUE514 9402.5 0.057 0.553 7.60 0.488 0.088 20.80 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE531 10082.2 0.042 0.001 62.84 0.235 0.976 −5.26 NUE531 10081.5 0.029 0.810 10.46 0.219 0.334 −11.63 Control 0.026 0.248 NUE532 9222.4 0.069 0.066 31.25 0.606 0.296 50.22 NUE532 9222.3 0.061 0.773 15.88 0.444 0.148 9.96 NUE532 9222.1 0.064 0.570 20.61 0.525 0.117 30.09 NUE532 9223.3 0.062 0.093 17.06 0.475 0.603 17.70 NUE532 9224.4 0.035 0.007 −32.94 0.467 0.037 15.71 NUE532 9223.5 0.057 0.746 7.60 0.556 0.242 37.83 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE535 9086.2 0.056 0.915 5.24 0.550 0.477 36.28 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE537 9392.2 0.053 0.988 0.51 0.550 0.021 36.28 NUE537 9393.2 0.055 0.847 3.72 0.589 0.065 46.02 NUE537 9393.1 0.060 0.274 13.51 0.444 0.148 9.96 NUE537 9393.3 0.068 0.033 28.89 0.575 0.014 42.48 Control 0.053 0.404 NUE576 9794.1 0.039 0.090 48.89 0.294 0.028 18.67 Control 0.026 0.248 NUE576 9791.3 0.431 0.838 6.86 NUE576 9792.4 0.500 0.007 23.89 NUE576 9792.3 0.550 0.159 36.28 Control 0.404 Table 46: Analyses of plant biomass (dry and fresh weight) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

TABLE 47 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) under limiting nitrogen conditions Rosette Diameter [cm] Rosette Area [cm²] Plot Coverage [%] Gene Event % % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE227 9851.4 2.040 2.4E−02 48.28 1.477 7.6E−02 115.90 11.819 7.6E−02 115.90 NUE227 9854.2 1.778 5.9E−02 29.24 1.070 7.0E−03 56.44 8.564 7.0E−03 56.44 NUE227 9853.1 1.679 9.5E−02 22.03 0.979 1.1E−01 43.09 7.833 1.1E−01 43.09 NUE227 9851.1 1.555 2.8E−01 13.03 0.915 2.8E−01 33.71 7.320 2.8E−01 33.71 NUE227 9852.3 1.889 1.7E−01 37.33 1.298 1.8E−01 89.71 10.386 1.8E−01 89.71 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE233 10173.5 1.778 1.9E−01 7.66 1.080 3.2E−01 16.76 7.559 7.1E−01 5.15 Control 1.651 0.925 7.189 NUE256 10061.1 1.991 2.6E−03 20.56 1.333 2.7E−02 44.13 10.664 2.0E−02 48.34 Control 1.651 0.925 7.189 NUE512 9284.2 1.475 7.1E−01 7.21 0.794 7.0E−01 15.97 6.349 7.0E−01 15.97 NUE512 9283.1 1.581 1.8E−01 14.91 0.916 2.6E−02 33.86 7.328 2.6E−02 33.86 NUE512 9284.3 1.395 9.0E−01 1.41 0.719 8.2E−01 5.14 5.755 8.2E−01 5.14 NUE512 9282.3 1.588 2.6E−01 15.43 0.928 6.3E−02 35.67 7.427 6.3E−02 35.67 NUE512 9283.3 1.410 8.2E−01 2.50 0.789 3.9E−01 15.37 6.315 3.9E−01 15.37 NUE512 9281.3 1.526 3.8E−01 10.94 0.824 4.1E−01 20.42 6.236 6.5E−01 13.91 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE514 9403.5 1.581 5.6E−01 14.93 0.901 5.4E−01 31.69 7.209 5.4E−01 31.69 NUE514 9404.4 1.608 2.3E−01 16.92 0.930 2.0E−01 35.86 6.923 2.2E−02 26.47 NUE514 9402.2 1.996 1.8E−01 45.07 1.395 1.5E−01 103.85 11.159 1.5E−01 103.85 NUE514 9402.5 1.860 3.2E−01 35.21 1.160 3.2E−01 69.52 9.280 3.2E−01 69.52 NUE514 9404.5 1.689 2.2E−01 22.77 1.006 4.7E−02 47.02 8.048 4.7E−02 47.02 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE527 9201.1 1.773 1.4E−02 28.89 1.109 9.3E−02 62.12 8.875 9.3E−02 62.12 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE531 10081.5 1.758 4.5E−01 6.49 1.043 5.1E−01 12.74 8.342 4.3E−01 16.04 Control 1.651 0.925 7.189 NUE532 9222.4 1.752 3.9E−01 27.34 1.056 4.4E−01 54.32 8.448 4.4E−01 54.32 NUE532 9222.3 1.668 4.6E−04 21.24 1.034 8.3E−05 51.08 8.270 8.3E−05 51.08 NUE532 9222.1 1.623 3.8E−01 17.95 1.016 2.8E−01 48.52 8.130 2.8E−01 48.52 NUE532 9223.3 1.585 5.5E−03 15.23 0.902 6.2E−03 31.88 7.219 6.2E−03 31.88 NUE532 9224.4 1.732 1.4E−04 25.88 1.060 6.5E−05 54.91 7.941 2.3E−02 45.06 NUE532 9223.5 1.899 7.1E−02 38.02 1.294 3.2E−02 89.11 10.353 3.2E−02 89.11 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE535 9086.2 1.696 2.2E−01 23.27 0.938 2.2E−01 37.03 7.502 2.2E−01 37.03 NUE535 9084.2 1.463 6.4E−01 6.35 0.827 4.3E−01 20.92 6.620 4.3E−01 20.92 NUE535 9081.1 1.521 3.3E−01 10.57 0.823 3.0E−01 20.21 6.581 3.0E−01 20.21 NUE535 9082.1 1.432 5.6E−01 4.10 0.742 3.8E−01 8.46 5.938 3.8E−01 8.46 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE537 9391.1 1.503 5.2E−01 9.24 0.807 3.8E−01 17.86 6.452 3.8E−01 17.86 NUE537 9392.2 1.475 4.9E−01 7.21 0.851 3.4E−01 24.32 6.806 3.4E−01 24.32 NUE537 9393.2 1.532 8.5E−03 11.34 0.955 4.1E−04 39.59 7.157 4.5E−02 30.73 NUE537 9393.1 1.856 1.7E−03 34.95 1.225 7.0E−05 78.96 9.797 7.0E−05 78.96 NUE537 9392.3 1.429 8.3E−01 3.89 0.784 7.3E−01 14.54 6.270 7.3E−01 14.54 NUE537 9393.3 1.739 5.3E−02 26.42 1.092 1.5E−02 59.52 8.733 1.5E−02 59.52 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 NUE576 9794.1 1.963 1.5E−01 18.86 1.350 2.3E−01 45.96 10.800 2.1E−01 50.23 Control 1.651 0.925 7.189 NUE576 9791.3 1.416 8.6E−01 2.94 0.753 7.4E−01 10.01 6.022 7.4E−01 10.01 NUE576 9792.4 1.826 2.1E−05 32.75 1.204 2.4E−04 75.90 9.629 2.4E−04 75.90 NUE576 9792.3 1.912 5.4E−06 39.03 1.208 1.1E−05 76.46 9.660 1.1E−05 76.46 Control 1.376 0.684 5.474 Table 47: Analyses of plant biomass (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Table 48, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. These genes produced larger photosynthetic areas as it can be observed by their larger leaf number, leaf blade area and petiole area.

Table 48 depicts analyses of plant photosynthetic area (leaf number, leaf blade area and petiole area) when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S)). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 48 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved photosynthetic area (leaf number, leaf blade area and petiole area) under limiting nitrogen conditions Leaf Number Leaf Blade Area [cm²] Leaf Petiole Length [cm] Gene Event % % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE227 9851.4 8.56 1.9E−02 16.38 0.24 4.6E−02 108.44 0.38 6.5E−02 69.59 NUE227 9854.2 7.63 1.5E−01 3.64 0.19 5.8E−03 67.63 0.32 1.2E−04 41.44 NUE227 9853.1 7.81 3.5E−02 6.19 0.17 2.2E−01 49.04 0.26 3.8E−02 14.04 NUE227 9851.1 7.69 2.8E−01 4.49 0.16 2.9E−01 35.75 0.24 4.7E−01 5.61 NUE227 9852.3 8.50 2.4E−01 15.53 0.21 1.1E−01 82.96 0.32 4.4E−01 41.85 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE233 10173.5 7.79 6.0E−01 2.05 0.19 4.0E−01 15.50 0.26 5.8E−01 8.27 Control 7.63 0.17 0.24 NUE256 10061.1 8.13 2.5E−01 6.50 0.23 8.4E−02 39.00 0.31 2.0E−01 30.30 Control 7.63 0.17 0.24 NUE512 9283.1 7.63 2.5E−01 3.64 0.16 7.0E−02 42.74 0.24 1.2E−01 8.56 NUE512 9284.3 6.88 5.0E−01 −6.55 0.13 4.9E−01 15.53 0.21 8.3E−01 −5.04 NUE512 9282.3 7.38 9.8E−01 0.24 0.16 3.9E−02 41.04 0.26 5.5E−01 14.40 NUE512 9283.3 7.56 6.3E−01 2.79 0.13 6.1E−01 12.00 0.25 6.2E−02 11.05 NUE512 9281.3 7.08 7.9E−01 −3.76 0.15 3.8E−02 31.49 0.23 9.9E−01 0.30 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE514 9403.5 7.31 8.7E−01 −0.61 0.16 5.0E−01 35.23 0.28 4.7E−01 25.62 NUE514 9404.4 8.04 4.1E−01 9.22 0.14 1.2E−01 25.05 0.26 1.1E−02 17.01 NUE514 9402.2 8.75 2.5E−01 18.93 0.22 1.4E−01 89.22 0.35 3.1E−01 55.03 NUE514 9402.5 8.38 2.7E−01 13.83 0.19 3.3E−01 63.94 0.32 3.1E−01 42.26 NUE514 9404.5 8.56 1.0E−01 16.38 0.16 3.9E−02 37.00 0.30 3.7E−01 31.67 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE527 9201.1 8.19 2.0E−03 11.29 0.17 1.3E−01 49.68 0.33 1.7E−03 45.43 NUE527 9201.2 6.94 6.5E−01 −5.70 0.12 5.8E−01 7.58 0.22 9.3E−01 −1.31 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE531 10082.2 8.24 7.1E−02 7.98 0.15 2.3E−01 −12.84 0.27 3.9E−01 13.71 NUE531 10081.5 8.31 4.4E−02 8.95 0.17 9.4E−01 1.15 0.27 3.2E−02 15.99 Control 7.63 0.17 0.24 NUE532 9222.4 7.56 8.4E−01 2.79 0.17 4.2E−01 51.79 0.30 4.1E−01 32.08 NUE532 9222.3 8.31 3.5E−02 12.99 0.16 2.5E−05 41.75 0.29 1.5E−03 30.67 NUE532 9222.1 7.94 1.1E−01 7.89 0.16 2.6E−01 40.64 0.27 5.0E−01 21.12 NUE532 9223.3 7.31 9.4E−01 −0.61 0.15 2.6E−01 32.70 0.28 1.5E−03 26.20 NUE532 9224.4 8.27 1.3E−03 12.38 0.16 3.4E−02 41.63 0.32 6.8E−02 43.77 NUE532 9223.5 8.25 9.8E−02 12.14 0.20 1.5E−02 72.88 0.35 1.5E−02 58.06 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE535 9086.2 7.75 5.7E−01 5.34 0.16 2.0E−01 37.02 0.34 2.1E−01 52.44 NUE535 9084.2 6.88 4.0E−01 −6.55 0.15 2.4E−01 28.20 0.23 8.7E−01 2.43 NUE535 9081.1 8.31 1.4E−01 12.99 0.13 4.7E−01 12.91 0.28 2.6E−03 25.65 NUE535 9082.1 7.25 6.2E−01 −1.46 0.13 2.5E−02 12.04 0.26 4.5E−01 14.26 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE537 9391.1 7.81 4.8E−01 6.19 0.14 2.6E−01 23.28 0.25 5.7E−01 11.88 NUE537 9392.2 7.31 9.4E−01 −0.61 0.14 2.9E−01 25.68 0.26 4.1E−01 14.53 NUE537 9393.2 7.56 7.2E−01 2.79 0.15 2.2E−02 33.42 0.24 5.1E−01 4.72 NUE537 9393.1 8.63 1.7E−03 17.23 0.19 4.6E−02 69.46 0.34 4.7E−04 52.73 NUE537 9392.3 7.19 8.5E−01 −2.31 0.13 7.3E−01 10.02 0.25 7.4E−01 11.68 NUE537 9393.3 8.00 4.8E−01 8.74 0.18 2.6E−02 56.70 0.30 3.1E−04 33.39 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 NUE576 9794.1 8.13 5.7E−01 6.50 0.24 1.4E−01 42.20 0.30 5.0E−01 28.80 Control 7.63 0.17 0.24 NUE576 9791.3 7.00 6.7E−01 −4.85 0.13 6.3E−01 15.21 0.24 8.0E−01 7.24 NUE576 9792.4 8.75 1.1E−03 18.93 0.18 1.4E−04 55.06 0.35 2.8E−02 56.82 NUE576 9792.3 8.06 2.1E−01 9.59 0.20 2.9E−05 71.82 0.34 9.6E−04 52.50 Control 7.36 0.11 0.22 Table 48: Analyses of photosynthetic area (leaf number, leaf blade area and petiole area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Table 49, hereinbelow, have improved plant growth rate when grown at limiting nitrogen fertilization levels. These genes improved the growth rate of the rosette and faster covered the soil when grown under limiting nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. These genes produced faster growing plants showing a better utilization of the nitrogen present.

Table 49 depicts analyses of the growth rate of the rosette diameter, rosette area, leaf blade area, leaf number and plot coverage when grown under standard nitrogen conditions when grown under limiting nitrogen conditions (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 49 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved rosette growth performance (RGR of rosette area and diameter and plot coverage) under limiting nitrogen conditions RGR Of Rosette RGR Of Rosette RGR Of Plot Area Diameter Coverage Gene Event % % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE227 9851.4 0.183 2.6E−05 118.89 0.189 2.0E−03 44.11 1.462 2.6E−05 118.89 NUE227 9854.2 0.133 7.4E−03 59.50 0.172 2.0E−02 31.13 1.066 7.4E−03 59.50 NUE227 9853.1 0.120 4.6E−02 43.12 0.157 1.2E−01 19.92 0.956 4.6E−02 43.12 NUE227 9851.1 0.112 1.2E−01 33.76 0.152 2.5E−01 15.45 0.894 1.2E−01 33.76 NUE227 9852.3 0.161 5.4E−04 93.37 0.174 2.5E−02 32.77 1.292 5.4E−04 93.37 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE256 10063.4 0.132 5.2E−01 11.42 0.132 7.1E−01 −6.29 0.923 9.8E−01 0.41 NUE256 10061.1 0.167 1.2E−02 40.75 0.160 4.0E−01 13.13 1.332 1.2E−02 44.97 Control 0.118 0.141 0.919 NUE512 9284.2 0.100 3.9E−01 19.99 0.142 5.7E−01 8.06 0.802 3.9E−01 19.99 NUE512 9283.1 0.115 7.3E−02 37.78 0.150 2.7E−01 14.31 0.920 7.3E−02 37.78 NUE512 9284.3 0.091 6.8E−01 8.61 0.136 7.8E−01 3.59 0.726 6.8E−01 8.61 NUE512 9282.3 0.116 6.6E−02 38.73 0.151 2.8E−01 14.64 0.927 6.6E−02 38.73 NUE512 9283.3 0.098 4.0E−01 17.73 0.125 6.8E−01 −5.14 0.787 4.0E−01 17.73 NUE512 9281.3 0.103 2.5E−01 23.92 0.140 6.0E−01 6.87 0.783 4.2E−01 17.24 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE514 9403.5 0.108 2.4E−01 28.84 0.137 7.8E−01 4.40 0.861 2.4E−01 28.84 NUE514 9404.4 0.117 6.4E−02 39.59 0.155 1.6E−01 17.67 0.869 1.4E−01 30.04 NUE514 9402.2 0.177 8.9E−05 111.43 0.195 1.5E−03 48.26 1.412 8.9E−05 111.43 NUE514 9403.2 0.105 3.4E−01 26.02 0.140 7.1E−01 6.57 0.842 3.4E−01 26.02 NUE514 9402.5 0.144 8.3E−03 72.44 0.180 2.7E−02 37.10 1.152 8.3E−03 72.44 NUE514 9404.5 0.126 1.8E−02 50.85 0.164 6.6E−02 24.82 1.008 1.8E−02 50.85 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE527 9201.1 0.131 1.5E−02 56.83 0.146 3.8E−01 11.45 1.048 1.5E−02 56.83 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE532 9222.4 0.132 3.4E−02 58.62 0.177 4.2E−02 34.79 1.060 3.4E−02 58.62 NUE532 9222.3 0.124 2.7E−02 48.99 0.148 3.2E−01 12.66 0.995 2.7E−02 48.99 NUE532 9222.1 0.124 3.9E−02 48.48 0.153 2.5E−01 16.37 0.992 3.9E−02 48.48 NUE532 9223.3 0.106 2.0E−01 26.75 0.135 8.3E−01 2.62 0.847 2.0E−01 26.75 NUE532 9224.4 0.132 9.5E−03 58.37 0.159 1.0E−01 21.08 0.991 2.7E−02 48.37 NUE532 9223.5 0.162 1.4E−04 94.31 0.169 3.4E−02 28.67 1.298 1.4E−04 94.31 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE535 9086.2 0.118 6.7E−02 40.98 0.169 3.7E−02 28.72 0.942 6.7E−02 40.98 NUE535 9084.2 0.103 2.6E−01 23.65 0.138 7.0E−01 4.93 0.826 2.6E−01 23.65 NUE535 9081.1 0.101 3.1E−01 20.62 0.137 7.2E−01 4.66 0.806 3.1E−01 20.62 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE537 9391.1 0.101 3.0E−01 20.89 0.143 5.1E−01 8.62 0.808 3.0E−01 20.89 NUE537 9392.2 0.107 1.9E−01 27.77 0.142 5.0E−01 8.29 0.854 1.9E−01 27.77 NUE537 9393.2 0.120 4.4E−02 43.18 0.135 8.3E−01 2.61 0.894 1.1E−01 33.89 NUE537 9393.1 0.156 5.1E−04 86.73 0.198 2.4E−04 50.58 1.247 5.1E−04 86.73 NUE537 9392.3 0.101 3.8E−01 20.36 0.140 6.6E−01 6.28 0.804 3.8E−01 20.36 NUE537 9393.3 0.133 1.0E−02 59.56 0.162 7.9E−02 23.54 1.066 1.0E−02 59.56 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 NUE576 9793.4 0.163 1.1E−01 37.49 0.157 5.5E−01 11.44 1.139 3.0E−01 23.91 NUE576 9792.4 0.139 2.6E−01 17.71 0.167 2.7E−01 18.29 1.047 4.2E−01 13.98 NUE576 9794.1 0.168 1.7E−02 41.95 0.161 4.0E−01 14.09 1.343 1.6E−02 46.20 Control 0.118 0.141 0.919 NUE576 9792.4 0.150 8.5E−04 79.96 0.162 6.5E−02 23.36 1.202 8.5E−04 79.96 NUE576 9792.3 0.149 1.2E−03 78.96 0.177 1.3E−02 34.59 1.196 1.2E−03 78.96 NUE576 9794.1 0.095 5.1E−01 14.23 0.145 4.7E−01 10.57 0.763 5.1E−01 14.23 NUE576 9793.3 0.104 2.4E−01 24.59 0.140 6.4E−01 6.33 0.771 4.4E−01 15.45 Control 0.084 0.131 0.668 Table 49: Analyses of rosette growth performance (RGR of rosette area and diameter and plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under limiting nitrogen (1.5 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 3.6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants.

The genes presented in Tables 50 and 51, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. These genes produced larger plants with a larger photosynthetic area when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants.

Tables 50 and 51 depicts analyses of plant biomass (fresh weight, dry weight, rosette diameter, rosette area and plot coverage) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S)). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 50 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (dry weight and fresh weight) under standard nitrogen conditions Dry Weight Fresh Weight Gene Event % % Name # Ave. P-Value increment Ave. P-Value increment NUE227 9851.4 0.170 1.8E−01 18.41 1.631 2.1E−01 12.64 NUE227 9854.2 0.163 1.7E−01 13.18 1.744 2.1E−02 20.41 NUE227 9853.1 0.202 2.1E−01 40.61 2.019 1.9E−02 39.40 NUE227 9852.3 0.199 2.6E−01 38.87 1.794 3.7E−01 23.86 Control 0.144 1.448 NUE233 10174.3 0.128 1.3E−01 21.58 1.206 1.0E−01 19.80 NUE233 10173.7 0.143 1.4E−02 36.31 1.210 3.8E−01 20.15 Control 0.105 1.007 NUE256 10063.4 0.139 4.0E−01 32.65 1.363 1.6E−01 35.31 NUE256 10061.3 0.118 5.8E−01 12.64 1.025 9.2E−01 1.80 Control 0.105 1.007 NUE512 9282.3 0.177 2.0E−01 23.20 1.881 2.8E−03 29.90 Control 0.144 1.448 NUE514 9403.5 0.168 2.3E−02 17.10 1.556 5.9E−01 7.46 NUE514 9402.2 0.161 2.2E−01 11.88 1.769 3.7E−02 22.13 NUE514 9404.5 0.153 5.0E−01 6.65 1.531 3.9E−01 5.73 NUE514 9402.5 0.171 1.7E−01 19.28 1.488 7.3E−01 2.71 Control 0.144 1.448 NUE531 10081.5 0.115 5.2E−01 10.00 1.086 5.9E−01 7.83 Control 0.105 1.007 NUE532 9222.4 0.175 4.9E−01 21.89 1.750 3.4E−01 20.84 NUE532 9223.3 0.156 2.3E−01 8.83 1.556 2.8E−01 7.46 NUE532 9223.5 0.164 4.4E−01 14.05 1.669 5.3E−02 15.23 Control 0.144 1.448 NUE537 9391.1 0.178 1.3E−01 24.07 1.669 4.8E−02 15.23 NUE537 9393.1 0.168 2.4E−01 16.92 1.743 3.2E−02 20.35 Control 0.144 1.448 Table 50: Analyses of plant biomass (dry weight and fresh weight) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Ave.” = average.

TABLE 51 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant biomass (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) under standard nitrogen conditions Rosette Diameter Rosette Area Plot Coverage Gene Event % % % Name # Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. Ave. P-Value incr. NUE227 9851.4 1.82 8.6E−01 −1.70 1.29 3.5E−01 9.98 10.30 3.5E−01 9.98 NUE227 9854.2 2.13 7.6E−02 14.82 1.40 2.1E−01 19.82 11.22 2.1E−01 19.82 NUE227 9853.1 1.96 6.1E−01 5.70 1.45 1.8E−01 23.64 11.58 1.8E−01 23.64 NUE227 9852.3 1.94 5.9E−01 4.72 1.40 5.8E−01 19.24 11.17 5.8E−01 19.24 Control 1.85 1.17 9.37 NUE233 10174.3 2.69 2.8E−01 12.27 2.54 3.0E−01 24.73 20.36 2.7E−01 27.64 NUE233 10173.7 2.61 4.7E−01 9.02 2.49 4.0E−01 22.00 18.84 5.9E−01 18.14 Control 2.40 2.04 15.95 NUE256 10063.4 3.37 1.5E−03 40.59 3.25 1.4E−01 59.40 24.17 2.9E−02 51.58 NUE256 10061.3 2.89 3.3E−01 20.50 2.38 5.8E−01 16.48 19.01 5.3E−01 19.20 Control 2.40 2.04 15.95 NUE512 9282.3 2.08 3.8E−02 12.43 1.38 1.3E−01 18.07 11.06 1.3E−01 18.07 Control 1.85 1.17 9.37 NUE514 9403.5 2.14 1.9E−02 15.56 1.44 6.0E−02 23.37 11.56 6.0E−02 23.37 NUE514 9402.2 2.03 9.8E−02 9.60 1.46 5.4E−02 24.90 11.70 5.4E−02 24.90 NUE514 9404.5 2.13 2.1E−02 14.76 1.56 1.6E−02 32.88 12.45 1.6E−02 32.88 NUE514 9402.5 2.15 3.9E−02 16.09 1.45 5.6E−02 23.83 11.60 5.6E−02 23.83 Control 1.85 1.17 9.37 NUE531 10081.5 2.78 1.5E−01 16.08 2.50 2.5E−01 22.65 18.66 3.0E−01 17.01 NUE531 10083.2 2.99 6.6E−02 24.72 3.18 2.0E−01 56.02 24.12 3.4E−01 51.24 Control 2.40 2.04 15.95 NUE532 9222.4 2.04 2.8E−01 10.29 1.43 2.2E−01 22.08 11.44 2.2E−01 22.08 NUE532 9223.3 2.04 9.0E−02 10.28 1.38 1.3E−01 18.26 11.08 1.3E−01 18.26 NUE532 9223.5 2.23 5.3E−03 20.20 1.64 6.4E−03 40.20 13.13 6.4E−03 40.20 Control 1.85 1.17 9.37 NUE537 9391.1 1.87 8.6E−01 0.96 1.22 6.7E−01 4.43 9.78 6.7E−01 4.43 NUE537 9393.1 1.90 7.6E−01 2.36 1.34 4.7E−01 14.85 10.17 7.5E−01 8.55 Control 1.85 1.17 9.37 Table 51: Analyses of plant biomass (rosette diameter and area and plot coverage) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Incr.” = increment; “Ave.” = average.

The genes presented in Table 52, hereinbelow, have improved plant NUE when grown under standard nitrogen growth conditions, compared to control plants. These genes produced larger photosynthetic areas as it can be observed by their larger leaf number, leaf blade area and petiole area as compared to control plants.

Table 52 depicts analyses of plant photosynthetic area (leaf number and petiole area) when grown under standard nitrogen conditions (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S)). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 52 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved photosynthetic areas (leaf blade area and leaf petiole length) under standard nitrogen growth conditions Leaf Blade Area [cm²] Leaf Petiole Length Gene Event % % Name # Ave. P-Value increment Ave. P-Value increment NUE227 9851.4 0.219 1.6E−01 15.14 0.305 7.2E−02 −14.52 NUE227 9854.2 0.249 2.6E−02 30.94 0.373 4.6E−01 4.52 NUE227 9853.1 0.248 6.6E−02 30.68 0.364 7.9E−01 2.16 NUE227 9852.3 0.232 4.4E−01 22.31 0.331 4.7E−01 −7.20 Control 0.190 0.357 NUE233 10174 0.437 1.8E−01 28.66 0.424 3.3E−01 15.67 NUE233 10174 0.440 1.8E−01 29.28 0.440 2.3E−01 20.06 Control 0.340 0.366 NUE256 10063 0.518 2.3E−01 52.46 0.491 1.9E−01 34.00 NUE256 10061 0.384 4.9E−01 13.04 0.426 4.3E−01 16.39 Control 0.340 0.366 NUE512 9282.3 0.244 2.3E−02 28.51 0.370 4.7E−01 3.82 Control 0.190 0.357 NUE514 9403.5 0.245 1.2E−01 28.88 0.380 2.4E−01 6.47 NUE514 9402.2 0.225 1.3E−01 18.56 0.373 4.4E−01 4.60 NUE514 9404.5 0.246 5.1E−02 29.57 0.358 9.5E−01 0.42 NUE514 9402.5 0.235 4.4E−02 23.86 0.414 3.7E−02 16.10 Control 0.190 0.357 NUE531 10082 0.393 2.5E−01 15.61 0.445 5.6E−02 21.67 NUE531 10083 0.526 4.9E−02 54.72 0.503 4.4E−02 37.48 Control 0.340 0.366 NUE532 9222.4 0.238 1.8E−01 25.41 0.380 4.4E−01 6.51 NUE532 9223.3 0.217 3.5E−01 13.98 0.418 3.3E−02 17.17 NUE532 9223.5 0.261 1.1E−02 37.44 0.404 9.7E−02 13.18 Control 0.190 0.357 NUE537 9391.1 0.206 4.1E−01 8.34 0.340 4.9E−01 −4.82 NUE537 9393.1 0.204 6.9E−01 7.22 0.369 5.6E−01 3.52 Control 0.190 0.357 Table 52: Analyses of photosynthetic areas (leaf blade area and leaf petiole length) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard nitrogen (6 mM KNO₃, 1 mM KH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgSO_(4,) 2 mM CaCl₂ and microelements) as compared to control plants. “Ave.” = average.

Example 8 Evaluating Trasngenic Plant Growth Under Abiotic Stress Conditions

One of the consequences of drought is the induction of osmotic stress in the area surrounding the roots; therefore, in many scientific studies, PEG (e.g., 1.5% PEG8000) is used to simulate the osmotic stress conditions resembling the high osmolarity found during drought stress.

Assay 1: Abiotic Stress Tolerance Assay Under Tissue Culture Conditions

Plant growth was evaluated under salinity (150 mM NaCl) or osmotic stress [poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)] in tissue culture conditions.

Surface sterilized seeds were sown in basal media [50% Murashige-Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.8% plant agar as solidifying agent] in the presence of Kanamycin (for selecting only transgenic plants). After sowing, plates were transferred for 2-3 days for stratification at 4° C. and then grown at 25° C. under 12-hour light 12-hour dark daily cycles for 7 to 10 days. At this time point, seedlings randomly chosen were carefully transferred to plates containing 150 mM or 1.5% PEG: 0.5 MS media or Normal growth conditions (0.5 MS media). Each plate contained 5 seedlings of the same transgenic event, and 3-4 different plates (replicates) for each event. For each polynucleotide of the invention at least four independent transformation events were analyzed from each construct. Plants expressing the polynucleotides of the invention were compared to the average measurement of the control plants (empty vector or GUS reporter gene under the same promoter) used in the same experiment.

Digital Imaging

A laboratory image acquisition system, which consists of a digital reflex camera (Canon EOS 300D) attached with a 55 mm focal length lens (Canon EF-S series), mounted on a reproduction device (Kaiser RS), which included 4 light units (4×150 Watts light bulb) and located in a darkroom, was used for capturing images of plantlets sawn in agar plates.

An image analysis system was used, which consists of a personal desktop computer (Intel P4 3.0 GHz processor) and a public domain program—ImageJ 1.39 (Java based image processing program which was developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and freely available on the internet at Hypertext Transfer Protocol://rsbweb (dot) nih (dot) gov/). Images were captured in resolution of 10 Mega Pixels (3888×2592 pixels) and stored in a low compression JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group standard) format. Next, analyzed data was saved to text files and processed using the JMP statistical analysis software (SAS institute).

Seedling Analysis

Using the digital analysis seedling data was calculated, including leaf area, root coverage and root length.

The relative growth rate for the various seedling parameters was calculated according to the following formulas V, VI and VII as described above. Relative growth rate of leaf area=Regression coefficient of leaf area along time course.  Formula V: Relative growth rate of root coverage=Regression coefficient of root coverage along time course.  Formula VI: Relative growth rate of root length=Regression coefficient of root coverage along time course.  Formula VII:

At the end of the experiment, plantlets were removed from the media and weighed for the determination of plant fresh weight. Plantlets were then dried for 24 hours at 60° C., and weighed again to measure plant dry weight for later statistical analysis. Growth rate was determined by comparing the leaf area coverage, root coverage and root length, between each couple of sequential photographs, and results were used to resolve the effect of the gene introduced on plant vigor, under osmotic stress, as well as under optimal conditions. Similarly, the effect of the gene introduced on biomass accumulation, under osmotic stress as well as under optimal conditions, was determined by comparing the plants' fresh and dry weight to that of control plants (containing the GUS reporter gene under the same promoter). From every construct created, 3-5 independent transformation events were examined in replicates.

Statistical Analyses

To identify genes conferring significantly improved tolerance to abiotic stresses or enlarged root architecture, the results obtained from the transgenic plants were compared to those obtained from control plants. To identify outperforming genes and constructs, results from the independent transformation events tested were analyzed separately. To evaluate the effect of a gene event over a control the data was analyzed by Student's t-test and the p value was calculated. Results were considered significant if p≤0.1. The JMP statistics software package was used (Version 5.2.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA).

Experimental Results:

The genes presented in Tables 53, 54 and 55, hereinbelow, have improved plant ABST (abiotic stress tolerance) when grown under high salinity concentration levels, compared to control plants. Results showed that the genes also improved plant performance under non-salinity conditions.

Tables 53, 54 and 55 depict analyses of plant performance (leaves and roots area) under normal (0 mM NaCl) or high salinity (150 mM NaCl) conditions in plants overexpressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S). Evaluation of each gene was performed by testing the performance of several events. Some of the genes were evaluated in more than one tissue culture assay and the results obtained were repeated. Event with p-value <0.1 was considered statistically significant.

TABLE 53 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant performance (leaves and roots area) under normal (standard) conditions Leaves Area [cm²] Roots Area [cm²] Gene % % Treatment name Event Average Statistics increment Average Statistics increment 0 mM NaCl CT81 4995.1 0.60 A 23.04 0.25 A 57.13 0 mM NaCl CT81 4991.1 0.53 AB 7.91 0.16 B 0.18 0 mM NaCl Control 4543.3 0.49 B 0.16 B Table 53: Analyses of plant performance (leaves area and root area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under standard conditions (0 mM NaCl) compared to control plants.

TABLE 54 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant performance (leaves area) under salinity stress Gene Leaves Area [cm²] Treatment name Event Average Statistics % increment 150 mM NaCl CT81 4991.1 0.25 A 27.57 150 mM NaCl CT81 4995.1 0.21 B 3.74 150 mM NaCl CT81 4993.1 0.20 B 2.09 150 mM NaCl Control 4543.3 0.20 B Table 54: Analyses of plant performance (leaves area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under salinity conditions (150 mM NaCl) compared to control plants.

TABLE 55 Transgenic plants exogenously expressing the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention exhibit improved plant performance (roots area) under salinity conditions Gene Roots Area [cm²] Treatment name Event Average Statistics % increment 150 mM NaCl CT81 4995.1 0.24 A 44.30 150 mM NaCl CT81 4991.1 0.22 A 30.09 150 mM NaCl Control 4543.3 0.17 B 0.00 Table 55: Analyses of plant performance (roots area) of transgenic plants overexpressing the exogenous polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention (using the cloned or synthetic genes listed in Table 23 above) under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (35S) when grown under salinity conditions (150 mM NaCl) compared to control plants.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, and/or tolerance to nitrogen deficiency of a plant as compared to a native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, the method comprising: (a) over-expressing within the plant a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 2296-2302 and 2304-2312, and (b) selecting a plant over-expressing said polypeptide for an increased nitrogen use efficiency, and/or an increased tolerance to nitrogen deficiency as compared to the native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency and/or the tolerance to nitrogen deficiency of the plant as compared to the native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (a) isolating a regenerable portion from plants selected according to the method of claim 1, to thereby obtain an isolated regenerable portion, and; (b) regenerating plants from said isolated regenerable portion.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is set forth by SEQ ID NO:
 236. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494, 99, and 1232-1248.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said nucleic acid is sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494 and
 99. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising growing the plant over-expressing said polypeptide under nitrogen deficiency.
 7. A method of growing a crop comprising growing a crop plant over-expressing a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 2296-2302 and 2304-2312 as compared to a native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, wherein said crop plant is derived from parent plants that over-express said polypeptide and that have been selected for an increased nitrogen use efficiency, and/or an increased tolerance to nitrogen deficiency as compared to the native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, and said crop plant over-expressing said polypeptide having said increased nitrogen use efficiency, and/or said increased tolerance to nitrogen deficiency, thereby growing the crop.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said polypeptide is set forth by SEQ ID NO:
 236. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494 and
 99. 10. A method of increasing nitrogen use efficiency, growth rate of leaf area, growth rate of root coverage, dry weight and/or fresh weight under nitrogen deficient conditions, the method comprising: (a) over-expressing within the plant a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 2296-2302 and 2304-2312, and (b) selecting a plant over-expressing said polypeptide for an increased nitrogen use efficiency, growth rate of leaf area, growth rate of root coverage, dry weight and/or fresh weight under nitrogen deficient conditions as compared to the native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, thereby increasing the nitrogen use efficiency, growth rate of leaf area, growth rate of root coverage, dry weight and/or fresh weight under nitrogen deficient conditions.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: (a) isolating a regenerable portion from plants selected according to the method of claim 10, to thereby obtain an isolated regenerable portion, and; (b) regenerating plants from said isolated regenerable portion.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said polypeptide is set forth by SEQ ID NO:
 236. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494, 99, and 1232-1248.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494 and
 99. 15. A method of growing a crop comprising growing a crop plant over-expressing a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 236, 2296-2302 and 2304-2312 as compared to a native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, wherein said crop plant is derived from parent plants that over-express said polypeptide and that have been selected for an increased nitrogen use efficiency, an increased growth rate of leaf area under nitrogen deficient conditions, an increased growth rate of root coverage under nitrogen deficient conditions, an increased dry weight under nitrogen deficient conditions and/or an increased fresh weight under nitrogen deficient conditions tolerance as compared to the native plant of the same species, which is grown under the same growth conditions, and said crop plant over-expressing said polypeptide having said increased nitrogen use efficiency, said increased growth rate of leaf area under nitrogen deficient conditions, said increased growth rate of root coverage under nitrogen deficient conditions, said increased dry weight under nitrogen deficient conditions and/or said increased fresh weight under nitrogen deficient conditions, thereby growing the crop.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said polypeptide is set forth by SEQ ID NO:
 236. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said polypeptide is expressed from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494, 99, and 1232-1248.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said nucleic acid is sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2494 and
 99. 